Strong Rayleigh–Darcy convection regime in three-dimensional porous media

Abstract

We perform large-scale numerical simulations to study Rayleigh–Darcy convection in three-dimensional fluid-saturated porous media up to Rayleigh–Darcy number $Ra=8\times 10^4$ . At these large values of $Ra$ , the flow is dominated by large columnar structures – called megaplumes – which span the entire height of the domain. Near the boundaries, the flow is hierarchically organized, with fine-scale structures interacting and nesting to form larger-scale structures called supercells. We observe that the correlation between the flow structure in the core of the domain and at the boundaries decreases only slightly for increasing $Ra$ , and remains rather high even at the largest $Ra$ considered here. This confirms that supercells are the boundary footprint of megaplumes dominating the core of the domain. In agreement with available literature predictions, we show that the thickness of the thermal boundary layer scales very well with the Nusselt number as $\delta \sim 1/ Nu$ . Measurements of the mean wavenumber – inverse of the mean length scale – in the core of the flow support the scaling $\bar {k} \sim Ra^{0.49}$ , in very good agreement with theoretical and numerical predictions. Interestingly, the behaviour of the mean wavenumber near the boundaries scales as $\bar {k} \sim Ra^{0.81}$ , which is distinguishably different from the presumed linear behaviour. We hypothesize that a linear behaviour can only be observed in the ultimate regime, which we argue to set in only at $Ra$ in excess of $5\times 10^5$ , whereas a sublinear behaviour is recovered at more modest $Ra$ . The present results are expected to help the development of long desired reliable models to predict the large- and fine-scale structure of Rayleigh–Darcy convection in the high- $Ra$ regime typically encountered in geophysical processes, such as for instance in geological carbon dioxide sequestration.