Abstract
A key question in evolutionary genomics is how populations navigate the adaptive landscape in the presence of epistasis, or interactions among loci. This problem can be directly addressed by studying the evolution of RNA secondary structures, for which there is constraint to maintain pairing between Watson-Crick (WC) sites. Replacement of a nucleotide at one site of a WC pair reduces fitness by disrupting binding, which can be restored via a compensatory replacement at the interacting site. Here, I present the first genome-scale analysis of epistasis on the RNA secondary structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Comparison of polymorphism frequencies at ancestrally conserved sites reveals that selection against replacements is ∼2.7 times stronger at WC than at non-WC sites, such that nearly 50% of constraint can be attributed to epistasis. However, almost all epistatic constraint is due to selection against conversions of WC pairs to unpaired (UP) nucleotides, whereas conversions to GU wobbles are only slightly deleterious. This disparity is also evident in pairs with second-site compensatory replacements; conversions from UP nucleotides to WC pairs increase median fitness by ∼4.2%, whereas conversions from GU wobbles to WC pairs only increase median fitness by ∼0.3%. Moreover, second-site replacements that convert UP nucleotides to GU wobbles also increase median fitness by ∼4%, indicating that such replacements are nearly as compensatory as those that restore WC pairing. Thus, WC peaks of the HIV-1 epistatic adaptive landscape are connected by high GU ridges, enabling the viral population to rapidly explore distant peaks without traversing deep UP valleys.
Highlights
Epistasis is an evolutionary phenomenon whereby the fitness effect of a mutation is conditional on the genetic background in which it arises [1,2]
Understanding how a population navigates from one peak to another on an epistatic adaptive landscape is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology
Introduction of a mutation at a WC site typically results in Epistasis is an evolutionary process in which the effect of a nucleotide at one site in the genome is dependent on the presence or absence of particular nucleotides at other sites in the genome
Summary
Epistasis is an evolutionary phenomenon whereby the fitness effect of a mutation is conditional on the genetic background in which it arises [1,2]. A second-site replacement in the modified genetic background may be beneficial, or compensatory, if it restores binding by creating a new WC pair [3]. Due to these complex interactions, RNA secondary structures evolve along rugged, or multi-peaked, adaptive landscapes [4], on which certain mutational trajectories may be inaccessible due to highly deleterious intermediate states. Epistatic selection can significantly alter the genomic landscape by modulating the numbers and types of mutations at WC sites of RNA secondary structures. Introduction of a mutation at a WC site typically results in
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