Abstract
Abstract An efficient electro-optic transition control is reported in all-fiber graphene devices over a broad spectral range from visible to near-infrared. The ion liquid–based gating device fabricated onto a side-polished fiber with high numerical aperture significantly enhances the light-matter interaction with graphene, resulting in strong and nonresonant electro-optic absorption of up to 25.5 dB in the wavelength ranging from 532 to 1950 nm. A comprehensive analysis of the optical and electrical properties of the device fabricated with monolayer and bilayer graphene revealed that the number of graphene layers significantly impacts on the performance of the device, including modulation depth and driving voltage. Wavelength-dependent optical response is also measured, which clearly characterizes the electronic bandgap dispersion of graphene. The device exhibited more efficient electro-optic modulation in the longer wavelength region, where the maximum light modulation efficiency of 286.3%/V is achieved at a wavelength of 1950 nm.
Highlights
Optical and optoelectric devices have been actively studied based on two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides because of their distinct advantages over traditional bulk materials [1,2,3,4,5]
The optical device based on side-polished high numerical aperture (NA) fiber showed a strong light-matter interaction with monolayer and bilayer graphene
We fabricated an ion liquid-based gating device onto the side-polished fiber, where the electro-optic absorption was observed in the wavelength ranging from 532 to 1950 nm
Summary
Optical and optoelectric devices have been actively studied based on two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides because of their distinct advantages over traditional bulk materials [1,2,3,4,5]. All-fiber nonlinear optic switches, known as in-line saturable absorbers, are among the most successful applications of all-fiber optical modulators based on the 2D materials They have been successfully employed to generate the ultrashort optical pulses through the passive modelocking in fiber lasers, performing outstandingly in terms of pulse energy, repetition rate, pulse duration, and operating range in spectrum [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. We report an all-fiber device that evanescently interacted with graphene to achieve efficient electrooptical modulation over a broad spectral range. We successfully fabricated monolayer and bilayer graphene field-effect transistors on the side-polished high NA fiber and comprehensively investigated the layer-dependent optical and electrical properties of the devices over a broad spectral range. The device was observed to show the electrooptic absorption over nearly two-octave spans (532–1950 nm) with a strong modulation strength of up to 25.5 dB, where the spectral response of the device with applied gate voltage was in good agreement with the theoretical expectation
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