Abstract
We have studied nonlinear absorption from the In ${P}_{1/2,3/2}$ ground-state doublet in a resistively heated high-temperature cell and a hollow cathode lamp. Using probe and pump lasers at 410 and 451 nm, respectively, absorption spectra with nonlinear properties caused by saturated absorption, coherent dark resonances, and optical pumping are observed. A theoretical description in terms of a density-matrix theory agrees very well with the observed spectra and identifies optical pumping as a dominating process of broadening in the stepwise contribution rather than velocity-changing collisions. Our experiments suggest that the theory used here is widely applicable in saturation spectroscopy on three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ systems.
Highlights
Saturation spectroscopy is a very widely used method to obtain information about the physical properties of, e.g., atomic or molecular vapors1,2͔
Our experiments suggest that the theory used here is widely applicable in saturation spectroscopy on three-level ⌳ systems
In more than 30 years of saturation spectroscopy, an enormous body of literature has been accumulated on this topic, both from the theoretical point and the experimental point of view and mostly demonstrated with alkali vapors
Summary
Saturation spectroscopy is a very widely used method to obtain information about the physical properties of, e.g., atomic or molecular vapors1,2͔. It is used in numerous laboratories to stabilize narrow-band lasers to certain resonance wavelengths. The gross line shapes obtained by laser spectroscopy with typical vapor cells are even dominated by optical pumping. They have neither Doppler nor Doppler-free character. We show that the theory presented in13͔ gives very good agreement with experimental data and provides a detailed understanding of relevant physical processes
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