Abstract
BackgroundAge, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are known risk factors for gallstones; however, the combined impact of these different risk factors on gallstone formation has not yet been examined.MethodsThis retrospective, cross-sectional study involved 3190 participants, including 207 participants (6.5%) with gallstones and 986 (30.9%) with metabolic syndrome. Participants were divided into four phenotypes according to metabolic syndrome and obesity status: 1378 participants were metabolically healthy and non-obese (MHNO); 826 were metabolically healthy but obese (MHO); 185 were metabolically abnormal but not obese (MANO); and 801 participants were metabolically abnormal and obese (MAO).ResultsThe MAO and MANO phenotypes had more gallstones than the MHO and MHNO phenotypes, regardless of age (< 50 or ≥ 50 years old). Multivariate analyses showed that phenotype was an independent risk factor for gallstones in participants < 50 years old (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–2.28). Younger participants also had a higher risk of gallstones in the MAO (OR = 5.41, 95% CI = 2.31–12.66), MANO (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 0.86–11.75), and MHO (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.90–5.22) phenotypes than the MHNO phenotype.ConclusionsOur retrospective results demonstrate an increased association of gallstones in younger people (< 50 years old) with metabolic syndrome and obesity.
Highlights
Age, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are known risk factors for gallstones; the combined impact of these different risk factors on gallstone formation has not yet been examined
Baseline characteristics There were 3190 participants enrolled for the final analysis, including 207 participants (6.5%) with gallstones and 986 (30.9%) with metabolic syndrome
The results revealed that the four phenotypes— according to metabolic syndrome and obesity profile— were the only independent risk factors for gallstones in participants younger than 50 years old (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI)
Summary
Obesity, and metabolic syndrome are known risk factors for gallstones; the combined impact of these different risk factors on gallstone formation has not yet been examined. Gallstones and their associated complications are common conditions worldwide. 6–20% of the population has gallstones and some studies have indicated rates of screen-detected gallstones between 0.6 and 1.39% per year in Taiwan and Europe [1,2,3] Specific groups, such as those with cirrhosis and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), have gallstone incidence rates of 2–5% per year [4]. Our study aimed to analyze the impact of risk factors including age, metabolic syndrome, and obesity on gallstone formation
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