Abstract
In conventional string theory with fixed space-time dimension number, the extra space dimensions are compactized. In string theory with oscillating space-time dimension number, dimension number oscillates between 11D and 10D and between 10D and 4D reversibly, and there is no compactization. Dimension number decreases with decreasing speed of light and increasing rest mass. The 4D particle has the lowest speed of light and the highest rest mass. The two different oscillations between 10D and 4D are the stepwise oscillation passing through every dimension number and the direct oscillation oscillating directly between 10D and 4D without the intermediate dimension numbers. Dark energy represents the stepwise oscillation, and dark energy becomes observable only when it has 4D space-time. 4D baryonic matter and 4D dark matter represent the direct oscillation directly from 10D to 4D. Our universe is the dual cyclic universe of the dark energy universe and the baryonic-dark matter universe. The Big Bang in the baryonicdark matter universe produced irreversible kinetic energy that stopped the reversible direct oscillation. The reversible direct oscillation will resume after the Big Crush to remove irreversible kinetic energy. Our cyclic universe started from the zero-energy universe through the four-stage transformation. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 68.3, 26.4, and 5.3, respectively, in agreement with observed 68.3, 26.8, and 4.9, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.28 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago.
Highlights
In conventional string theory with fixed space-time dimension number, the explanation of the hidden extra spaceHow to cite this paper: Chung, D.-Y. (2014) String Theory with Oscillating Space-Time Dimension Number
The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter and the calculated time for dark energy to start are in good agreements with the observed values
Dimension number decreases with decreasing speed of light and increasing rest mass
Summary
In conventional string theory with fixed space-time dimension number, the explanation of the hidden extra space. (2014) String Theory with Oscillating Space-Time Dimension Number. Chung dimensions is the compactization of the extra space dimensions. This paper posits string theory with oscillating space-time dimension number. While the important phenomena, such as cosmology, the four force fields, dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter, cannot be explained clearly by conventional string theory with fixed dimension number, these phenomena can be derived directly from string theory with oscillating dimension number. Cosmology and the four force fields result directly from the various stages in the oscillation of space-time dimension number, and the different ways of the oscillation lead directly to the differences among dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter and the calculated time for dark energy to start are in good agreements with the observed values
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