Abstract
GR24 is a synthetic strigolactone analog, demonstrated to regulate the development of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. GR24 possesses anti-cancer and anti-apoptotic properties, enhances insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal myotubes, inhibits adipogenesis, decreases inflammation in adipocytes and macrophages and downregulates the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes. Transcription factor Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) is a master regulator of antioxidant response, regulating a multitude of genes involved in cellular stress responses and anti-inflammatory pathways, thus maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Nrf2 activation reduces the deleterious effects of mitochondrial toxins and has multiple roles in promoting mitochondrial function and dynamics. We studied the role of GR24 on gene expression in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells which were differentiated into myotubes. The myotubes were treated with GR24 and analyzed by microarray gene expression profiling. GR24 upregulated the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 and its target genes, activating antioxidant defences, suggesting that GR24 may protect skeletal muscle from the toxic effects of oxidative stress.
Highlights
Strigolactones are carotenoid-derived phytohormones with endogenous roles in regulating plant growth and exogenous roles in establishing symbiosis of host plant with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[1]
Results from the methods described in this study have been published previously[10], the analyses described here are published for the first time
We have demonstrated that GR24 ameliorates insulin sensitivity, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production and upregulates genes regulating mitochondrial function in L6 myotubes[10]
Summary
Strigolactones are carotenoid-derived phytohormones with endogenous roles in regulating plant growth and exogenous roles in establishing symbiosis of host plant with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[1]. Strigolactones induce beneficial effects in mycorrhiza, such as mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production[2,3,4]. The anti-cancer properties[5,6,7,8] and anti-inflammatory potential[9] of strigolactones have recently been investigated in mammalian cells. The positive effects of strigolactone analog GR24 in enhancing insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function and inhibiting adipogenesis and inflammation in insulin-sensitive cells have been demonstrated[10,11]
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