Abstract
The behaviour of carbohydrate metabolism in a plant, particularly its total starch content, total soluble sugar (TSS) content and their utilisation, is of great importance in coping with abiotic stress conditions. With this in mind, we studied total starch and TSS contents, survival, growth, biomass accumulation and stomatal conductance in Rhizophora mucronata under conditions of prolonged submergence and water stress for a period of 11 months. The experiment was designed in such a way as to include three replicates per each treatment level, about 1600 young mangrove plants being subjected to study in the process. Under conditions of prolonged submergence and high levels of water stress, a small number of mangrove plants survived and they were promptly exhausted due to higher starch utilisation rates (0.75-1.05% dry mass/month). Although TSS content was increased under these intense stress conditions, it was not matched by increased seedling growth or biomass production; instead, a significant reduction in growth (i.e., ~78%) and dry matter content was observed in stressed seedlings as compared to young plants in the respective controls. It follows that the intense increase of TSS content might be due to the direct conversion of starch to soluble sugars in order to produce metabolic energy for tolerance mechanisms like osmoregulation and root anatomical adaptations under stress conditions. This indicates that more energy is allocated for plant maintenance than for growth and biomass production under stress conditions, which might be a good acclimatory strategy to rescue young mangrove plants at the early phase. However, stomatal closure under stress conditions may have caused restricted photosynthesis. Therefore, stress-induced starch degradation may upsurge, which in turn might lead in the long-run to carbon starvation, a condition lethal to mangrove seedlings.
Highlights
Mangrove forests are unique plant communities that grow in extreme environmental conditions such as high and changing salinity, frequent inundation with associated hypoxia, low air humidity and high temperatures (Mukherjee et al 2014; Tomlinson 2016)
Starch is mobilised after converting to simple soluble sugars, which are the source of required metabolic energy and exists in the course of ATP production for various phyto-processes (Huner et al 1998; de Block et al 2005; Sulpice et al 2009)
Sucrose, fructose and starch are known as non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), which represent the bulk of plant carbon (Ravi et al 2020)
Summary
Mangrove forests are unique plant communities that grow in extreme environmental conditions such as high and changing salinity, frequent inundation with associated hypoxia, low air humidity and high temperatures (Mukherjee et al 2014; Tomlinson 2016). Mangrove plants are adapted to grow in the intertidal zone, i.e., the area between low and high tide marks, where they can tolerate dynamics in soil characteristics and hydrology resulting from periodic inundation (Hoppe-Speer et al 2011). The environmental conditions in areas out of the intertidal zone exceed the limits tolerable by mangrove plants. For this reason, selection of incorrect inundation elevation for mangrove planting often entails inappropriate environmental conditions (abiotic stress conditions) for mangroves, for example, hypersaline conditions, substrate drought in the supra-littoral zone or beyond [since soil water content is most of the time below the fields capacity, during the dry season in Sri Lanka Sucrose, fructose and starch are known as non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), which represent the bulk of plant carbon (Ravi et al 2020)
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