Stress shift: do speakers do it or do listeners hear it?

Abstract

Introduction Metrical Phonology has given considerable attention to stress shift of the “thirteen men” type. This phenomenon is said to apply when a word such as thirteen , with two full vowels and the strongest prominence on the last stressable syllable in citation form, is closely followed by a further strong syllable such as men In such cases, the stresses “clash”, and the prominence pattern of thirteen is reversed, producing the sequence thirteen men This paper presents an experimental investigation of stress shift sequences' in Southern British English, focusing on three aspects of our research. First, we test predictions derived from standard assumptions made by Metrical Phonology (e.g. Hogg & McCully, 1987) concerning the application of stress shift in read connected speech. Second, we investigate acoustic and perceptual evidence for stress shift. Finally, we discuss an alternative account of stress shift which does not involve stress clashes. Background In providing accounts for various rhythmical structures in continuous speech, Metrical Phonology has given considerable attention to stress shift (Liberman & Prince, 1977; Kiparsky, 1979; Selkirk, 1981, 1984; Hayes, 1984; Giegerich, 1985; Nespor & Vogel, 1989; Hogg & McCully, 1987; Gussenhoven, 1991). One notion that has been used in the description of stress shift in English phonology is eurhythmy (e.g. Selkirk, 1984; Prince, 1983), i.e., a general tendency towards a particular spacing of stressed syllables so that utterances exhibit a preferred periodicity. In English, this preference is reflected in a tendency for stressed and unstressed syllables to alternate.