Stress Shielding around Press-Fit Radial Head Arthroplasty: Proposal for a New Classification System Based on the Analysis of 97 Patients with a Mid-Term Follow-Up and a Review of the Literature

Abstract

Stress shielding (SS) around press-fit radial head arthroplasty (RHA) was recently reported as a cause of a new type of proximal radial neck resorption (PRNR). Very few studies have analyzed this phenomenon. No comprehensive classification is currently available. We thus decided to clinically and radiographically analyze 97 patients who underwent a press-fit RHA and who were followed up for a mean period of 72 months (range: 2–14 years). PRNR in the four quadrants of the radial neck was assessed. We designed a novel SS classification based on (1) the degree of resorption of the length of the radial neck and (2) the number of neck quadrants involved on the axial plane. The mean PRNR (mPRNR) was calculated as the mean resorption in the four quadrants. mPRNR was classified as mild (<3 mm), moderate (3 to 6 mm), and severe (>6 mm). Eighty-four percent of the patients presented PRNR. mPRNR was mild in 33% of the patients, moderate in 54%, and severe in 13%. In total, 6% of the patients with mild mPRNR displayed resorption in one quadrant, 18% displayed resorption in two quadrants, 4% displayed resorption in three quadrants, and 72% displayed resorption in four quadrants. All four quadrants were always involved in moderate or severe mPRNR, with no significant differences being detected between quadrants (p = 0.568). mPRNR has no apparent effect on the clinical results, complications, or RHA survival in the medium term. However, longer-term studies are needed to determine the effects of varying degrees of PRNR on implant failure.