Stress Hormones as Predictors of Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Panic Disorder

Abstract

Objective: Data regarding the potential association between the outcome of psychotherapy of panic disorder (PD) and biological parameters are few. In 21 (16 females) consecutively referred, medication-free, acutely ill PD outpatients, without comorbidities, except agoraphobia, we systematically explored for potential neuroendocrine and clinical correlates of response to a brief cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Methods: Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) basal plasma levels were measured. Measures of psychopathology: (a) Symptom Checklist–90-Revised (SCL-90-R), (b) Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) Scale, (c) Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ), and (d) Mobility Inventory (MI)-alone subscale. Results: Nonresponders to CBT (CGI-I >2; N = 6) – as compared to the responders (CGI-I ≤2; N = 15) – demonstrated significantly higher cortisol and ACTH basal plasma concentrations. These differences were much stronger when only female patients (nonresponders = 4; responders = 12) were taken into consideration. Regarding psychopathology, nonresponders to CBT suffered from more severe agoraphobia (MI-alone) at baseline. On the contrary, more intense manifestations of anger (SCL-90-R) at baseline were associated with a better treatment outcome. Response to CBT was associated with significant reductions in all SCL-90-R subscales, more pronounced for “phobic anxiety” and “anxiety” subscales. Conclusions: This study suggests that in acutely ill, medication-free PD patients, response to CBT may be associated with certain hormonal and clinical parameters at baseline.