Abstract
Immune cell activation triggers transcriptional and translational programs eliciting cellular processes, such as differentiation or proliferation, essential for an efficient immune response. These dynamic processes require an intricate orchestration of regulatory mechanisms to control the precise spatiotemporal expression of proteins. Post-transcriptional regulation ensures the control of messenger RNA metabolism and appropriate translation. Among these post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, stress granules participate in the control of protein synthesis. Stress granules are ribonucleoprotein complexes that form upon stress, typically under control of the integrated stress response. Such structures assemble upon stimulation of immune cells where they control selective translational programs ensuring the establishment of accurate effector functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about post-transcriptional regulation in immune cells and highlight the role of stress sensors and stress granules in such regulation.
Highlights
Immune cell compartment is composed of two main cell types, the myeloid cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DC), and the lymphoid cells, namely B and T lymphocytes
External stimuli sensed by immune cells trigger specific functional programs that allow the completion of immune response and pathogenic clearance
It is clear that the rapid variation in gene expression in stimulated immune cells is controlled at the transcriptional level and implies posttranscriptional regulation, with stress granules (SG) emerging as a key regulator
Summary
Immune cell compartment is composed of two main cell types, the myeloid cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DC), and the lymphoid cells, namely B and T lymphocytes. For all these immune cells, Ag stimulation triggers transcriptional and translational programs of differentiation, proliferation, and effector functions. The regulation of ribosomal subunits expression and the activity of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway are essential for shaping the proteomic landscape of T lymphocytes.
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