Abstract
Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation regulation. Granule structures, called antiviral granules (AVGs), have been observed surrounding poxvirus viral factories. AVG formation is associated with abortive poxvirus infection, and AVGs contain proteins that are typically found in stress granules (SGs). With certain mutant poxviruses lack of immunoregulatory factor(s), we can specifically examine the mechanisms that drive the formation of these structures. In fact, cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes form during many viral infections and contain sensing molecules that can help reprogram transcription. More importantly, the similarity between AVGs and cytoplasmic structures formed during RNA and DNA sensing events prompts us to reconsider the cause and consequence of these AVGs. In this review, we first summarize recent findings regarding how poxvirus manipulates host translation. Next, we compare and contrast SGs and AVGs. Finally, we review recent findings regarding RNA- and especially DNA-sensing bodies observed during viral infection.
Highlights
Poxviruses deposit and replicate their DNA exclusively in the cytoplasm, placing significant stress on the host cell
We review our current understanding of how poxvirus infection reprograms host cell translation
Immunoregulatory factors produced by poxviruses are novel tools that can help us understand host immune defense mechanisms
Summary
Poxviruses deposit and replicate their DNA exclusively in the cytoplasm, placing significant stress on the host cell. Unlike the hit-and-run tactics of RNA viruses, for example, poxviruses take over a host cell for a relatively long period of time. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, they rely on the host cell for translation. Studying infections caused by poxviruses that lack immunoregulatory factors can reveal the cellular defenses that must be neutralized for a productive infection. One such defense is the formation of antiviral granules (AVGs) in the host cell. Since infection by poxvirus exposes the host cell to viral RNA and DNA, we discuss the similarities between AVGs and phase-dense particles that sense foreign nucleic acids. We summarize recent findings concerning the mechanisms host cells use to detect RNA and DNA within the cytoplasm
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.