Stress and force measurement uncertainties in 3D granular materials

Abstract

We have developed and employed a 3D particle stress tensor and contact force inference technique that employs synchrotron X-ray tomography and di↵raction with an optimization algorithm. We have used this technique to study stress and force heterogeneity, particle fracture mechanics, contact-level energy dissipation, and the origin of wave phenomena in 3D granular media for the past five years. Here, we review the technique, describe experimental and numerical sources of uncertainty, and use experimental data and discrete element method simulations to study the method’s accuracy. We find that inferred forces in the strong force network of a 3D granular material are accurately determined even in the presence of noisy stress measurements.