Abstract
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is the most common side effect of antibiotics and is routinely treated with probiotics in clinical. Streptococcus thermophiles, extensively utilized for producing dairy foods, has recently been regarded as a new promising probiotic candidate. In this study, the efficacy of Streptococcus thermophiles DMST-H2 (DMST-H2) for AAD treatment in mice was investigated. DMST-H2 was isolated from Chinese traditional yogurt, proved to be non-toxic, and presented tolerance against simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro. Additionally, genomic analysis revealed that it possessed genes related to acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, adhesion, oxidative stress and bacteriocin production. The animal experiment results showed that both DMST-H2 treatment and natural recovery could reduce fecal water content. Compared with spontaneous recovery, DMST-H2 accelerated the recovery of the enlarged caecum and intestinal barrier injury from AAD, and further decreased endotoxin (ET), D-lactate (D-LA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) content in serum. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) were reduced, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) increased after treating with DMST-H2. Furthermore, DMST-H2 better restored the structure of intestinal flora. At the phylum level, Firmicutes increased and Proteobacteria decreased. These findings indicate that DMST-H2 could promote recovery in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Highlights
Antibiotic treatment often causes diarrhea, which is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD)
It was clear that DMST-H2 had close evolutionary relatedness with Streptococcus thermophiles strains, DMST-H2 belonged to Streptococcus thermophiles
1452 genes were classified into Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and most genes were involved in metabolism (942, 64.88%) and genetic information processing (159, 10.95%) (Figure 3B)
Summary
Antibiotic treatment often causes diarrhea, which is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Various antibiotics result in AAD, especially aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and clindamycin [1]. Probiotic intervention is becoming a hot topic of research due to the encouraging effects of gastrointestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, travelers’ diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome [3,9]. A meta-analysis including 17 randomized controlled trials with 3631 participants found that 8.0% of the probiotic group presented with AAD while the control group had 17.7%, and the probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii showed similar results [3]. A network meta-analysis including ten probiotic intervention strategies revealed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG had the best prevention effectiveness and tolerance on AAD, and Lactobacillus casei had better efficacy and medium tolerance in reducing the Clostridium difficile infection. The effects on AAD of both a single strain and a combination of strains were equal [10]
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