Strengthening Your Case Study Approach

The article aims to answer the question: is there any correlation between the temporality and the genre affiliation of media texts? And, if it is a case: how does it manifest itself in the structure of media texts? The research is carried out on the material of modern frequency genres selected from German and Ukrainian newspapers. In the study we use the Сhi-Square-Test and the coefficient of Chuprov. The analysis revealed a correlation between the temporality and the genre affiliation in both media cultures. In news genres the past tense dominates, the present tense is less used and occasionally the forms of the future tense occur. In media text-interviews, on the contrary, the present tense dominates, the past and future tense forms are less represented. In the analytical genre the present tense dominates, followed by verb forms in past and future tenses. In the structure of German and Ukrainian news genres the following algorithm can be traced: in the lead – present (frequently), past (less frequently) tenses, in the body – past, present, and future tenses, in the final part – past, present, and future tenses. The interview-texts are characterized by the following sequence of tense use: in the lead – present and past tenses, in the body – present and past tenses, in the final part – present, past, and future tenses. For the analytical genre, the following algorithm is inherent: in the lead – present and past tenses, in the body – present, past, and future tenses. According to the statistical calculations, statistically significant results were obtained for the past tense in the German news items, for the present tense – in the German text-interviews, and for the future tense – in the Ukrainian text-interviews.

The purposes of this study were to analyze and describe English tenses used in an online news website and to examine which types of English tenses are frequently used in an online news website. The material in this study was 20 news in Mini-Lessons from B r e a k I n g N e w s E n g l i s h .c o m. The research instrument was a checklist which determines and categorizes English tenses as past tense, present tense, and future tense. The data collections were analyzed with the frequency and percentage. The research findings of the study showed that all using of English tenses in the 20 news from the Mini-Lessons were 279 sentences; past tense were 155 sentences (56%), present tense were 120 sentences (43%), and future tense were 4 sentences (1%). The most English tenses aspect of the news were past simple tense and present tense; past simple tense, present simple tense, present perfect tense, and present progressive tense, respectively. In contrast, breaking news used the least English tenses aspect of the news was past perfect tense, future simple tense, past progressive tense, present perfect progressive tense, and future perfect tense, while there were no used past perfect progressive tense, future progressive tense, future perfect tense, and future perfect progressive tense in the 20 selected breaking news.


 
 
 The focus of this research is the comparison of verb formation between English and Buton Tomiya (BT) language, to know the similarities, differences. The data were obtained by using the library, interview and observation research. The similarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : Verbal positive sentences of present tense: verb formulation between kedua bahasa sebenarnya hampir sama, namun pada BT lebih banyak imbuhan yang dilekatkan sebelum subjec, predikast, and object. The dissimilarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : present perfect tense, past future tense, past future continuous tense, Present tense (except the verbal positive sentences), present continuous tense (except the interrogative sentences), present perfect continuous tense, past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect continuous tense, present future continuous tense, present future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future perfect tense and past future perfect continuous tense.
 
 

Developing a Unique Slant

This article investigates research article abstracts in terms of their rhetorical patterns and the use of verb tenses and voice. A total of 40 abstracts were selected from four international journals in the fields of Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Linguistics, and Medicine. A four move model was adopted from Hardjanto (1997) to analyze the structure of the abstracts. The results show that all the abstracts have Move 1, creating a research space; 70% have Move 2, describing research procedure; 85% have Move 3, summarizing principal results; and 85% have Move 4, evaluating results. All the abstracts in medicine have Moves 1, 2, 3 and 4, whereas the most common pattern in Biology is Moves 1, 3 and 4, in Mechanical Engineering Moves 1, 2 and 3, and in Linguistics Moves 1, 2 and 4. This seems to suggest that there is a disciplinary variation in the structuring of RA abstracts in the four disciplines under investigation. With regard to the use of verb tense and voice in each move, the present tense and past tense in the active voice and the past tense in the passive voice were the most frequently used tenses. The present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Moves 1 and 4, while the past tense in the active voice was commonly used in Move 3 and the past tense in the passive voice was frequently found in Move 2. Furthermore, it was found that the present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Biology, Mechanical Engineering and Linguistics, whereas the past tense in the active voice occurred more frequently in Medicine, and the past tense in the passive voice was more frequently found in Mechanical Engineering than in other disciplines.

This article investigates research article abstracts in terms of their rhetorical patterns and the use of verb tenses and voice. A total of 40 abstracts were selected from four international journals in the fields of Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Linguistics, and Medicine. A four move model was adopted from Hardjanto (1997) to analyze the structure of the abstracts. The results show that all the abstracts have Move 1, creating a research space; 70% have Move 2, describing research procedure; 85% have Move 3, summarizing principal results; and 85% have Move 4, evaluating results. All the abstracts in medicine have Moves 1, 2, 3 and 4, whereas the most common pattern in Biology is Moves 1, 3 and 4, in Mechanical Engineering Moves 1, 2 and 3, and in Linguistics Moves 1, 2 and 4. This seems to suggest that there is a disciplinary variation in the structuring of RA abstracts in the four disciplines under investigation. With regard to the use of verb tense and voice in each move, the present tense and past tense in the active voice and the past tense in the passive voice were the most frequently used tenses. The present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Moves 1 and 4, while the past tense in the active voice was commonly used in Move 3 and the past tense in the passive voice was frequently found in Move 2. Furthermore, it was found that the present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Biology, Mechanical Engineering and Linguistics, whereas the past tense in the active voice occurred more frequently in Medicine, and the past tense in the passive voice was more frequently found in Mechanical Engineering than in other disciplines.

This study addresses EFL students' challenges at a state university in Mataram, Indonesia, in constructing passive voices in the present and past tense. This study was focused on verb tense changes, subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, and appropriate use of "by" in passive voice constructions. It also aims to explore the causes of these issues and offers insights into potential solutions. With a descriptive qualitative approach, the data were collected using a set of written grammatical tests of passive voices and open interviews. The adopted validated test was completed by thirty students as the participants of this study. The data were analyzed descriptively using an in-depth reading analysis method on the test results and participant responses. The results reveal a need for fundamental grammatical knowledge, limited exposure to passive voice, inadequate practice opportunities, and unclear explanations as contributing factors to the challenges. Language transfer from native languages and a lack of feedback compound the problem. To address these issues, the study recommends basic tense understanding, increased practice, targeted feedback, and exposure to authentic materials to enhance students' proficiency in constructing accurate passive voice sentences.

Trajectory of Research and Dissemination Through Mentorship and Passion

This study was to investigate negation constructions in STAKat Negeri Pontianak students’ Indonesia-English translation. The participants were 78 students of semester 2, 4 and 6 in STAKat Negeri Pontianak in academic year 2021. The descriptive method was applied in this study in order to describe and analyze the constructions in negation. The tool of data collection was translation tes by preparing sentences in Indonesia and asking the students to translate them into English. There were 5 for each sentence in Present tense, Past tense, Modal, Progressive tense and Perpect tense. Based on finding, the students faced difficulties in demontrating the formula of each tense. Many of them still make ungramatical negation. The percentages of those are 80% in present perfect tense, 60.8% in past tense (60.8%), 50% in present progressive tense, 40.8% in present tense, and 29% occurs in modal. The highest ungrammatical constructions of singular case are tenses. The tenses mistake in present tense is 26.3% out of 40.8%, past tense is 55.9% out of 60.8%, present perfect tense is 70% out of 80%, present progressive tense is 47% out of 50%, and modal is 23.7% out of 29% ungrammatical negation construction.

This study investigates the use of three verbal inflectional suffixes, i.e., the present tense -s, the past tense -ed, and the progressive -ing, among Thai ELF learners. It examines how they deviate from ENL norms and the causes of deviations are analysed. Data were taken from the academic writing of 116 English-major students at a university in Bangkok. The results showed that Thai ELF learners who have advanced and upper-intermediate level English knowledge and skills have acquired the ability to use these three suffixes, but they sometimes deviate from ENL norms. They tend to omit the -s ending when there is a long distance between the main subject and main verb, when there is a heavy subject containing a head and pre-/post-modifiers, and when the subject appears as a structurally complex category. They often omit the -ed ending when there are several past tense verbs in a sentence. They extend the use of the progressive aspect to talk about a general truth or habit which is typically expressed by the present simple tense in ENL. Results suggest that linguistic and functional causes are responsible for these deviations. Thai ELF learners use the zero forms of present and past tense verbs as a result of both syntactic complexity and the pragmatic motives of the efficiency of communication as well as the exploitation of redundancy. They use progressive verbs with general truths or habits due to the attractive form and meaning of this aspect and also the pragmatic motive of added prominence. Keywords: Thai ELF learners; deviations; the present tense -s; the past tense -ed; the progressive -ing

The Role of Implicit & Explicit Corrective Feedback in Persian-speaking EFL Learners’ Awareness of and Accuracy in English Grammar

Time perspective and helpfulness: Are communicators more persuasive in the past, present, or future tense?

We report experiments using time-lagged pre- and postintervention designs with (a) 4 first graders with learning delays, and (b) a systematic replication with 3 preschoolers with learning delays. Both experiments tested the effects of multiple exemplar instructional procedures (MEI) on the emergence of untaught past tense emission of novel regular verbs (e.g., jumped derived from jump) and grammatically inaccurate but experimentally correct usage of irregular verbs (e.g., singed derived from sing). Prior to the MEI, none of the children could produce regular or irregular past tense forms to pictures that provided simulated contexts (pictures with backgrounds for past and present tense). MEI provided across the picture contexts for past and present tense used separate training sets of verbs to teach children to form regular past tense. After either 1 or 2 MEI training sets, the children emitted accurate past tense forms of the untaught regular and inaccurate, but experimentally correct irregular verbs. These findings provided an instructional history that resulted in the children's acquisition of past tense for untaught regular past tense verbs and "creative" errors with irregular tenses. Results are discussed in terms of the research on experimentally induced sources for novel verbal behavior and related interpretations.

In passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb. It is often used both in spoken and written form. For the learners, to change the active into passive voice of the target language is very confusing. The students usually make errors in building passive sentences as they ignore some aspects required in arranging best form of passive sentence. The students of El-Madani Islamic Boarding School Deket Lamongan were confused to change the verb in different tenses. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative. The research was chosen because this type of research defines what exist and may help to reveal new point and meaning. The survey and experiment, which were used in this research, was the phenomena of English errors passive sentences made by the students. The population of this research is all the students of El-Madani Modern Islamic Boarding School.The researcher used test and questionnaire to collect the data. The result of this study shows that (1) the kinds of errors commonly made by the students in changing active voice to passive voice are errors of omission, errors of addition, errors of miss-formation, and errors of miss-ordering (2) The students have difficulties in understanding passive voice especially in four tenses, simple present tense, simple past tense, present continuous tense and past continuous tense. (3) Factors which affect students’ ability in passive voice are: classroom atmosphere, lack of experience in using English, teacher’s explanation was not clear enough, the differences between passive voice in Bahasa and English. Keywords: Students’ errors, passive voice

Most teachers will agree with Mr. Ralph H. Walker that simple present perfect and the present perfect continuous are for the non-native speaker of English two of the most troublesome tenses in the English verb system.1 As he says, It is an easy matter to teach a student to form the present perfect tenses, but quite another matter to teach him how to use them.... One often hears a non-native speaker use a simple present where he should use a simple present perfect... a present continuous where he should use a present perfect continuous . . . or a simple present perfect where he should use a simple past. The problem, in short, is to ensure selection of one of the present perfect forms when it is the only form of the verb that will do. Mr. Walker considers time to be the governing factor. The past tense refers to an event in time that has gone by: in his rather odd metaphor, the time frame is closed. Though he mentions only one past tense, he recognizes two present tenses, one indicating an action which occurs repeatedly and the other an action occurring With both of these the time frame is open. So is it with the present perfect tenses. The difference between them and the present tenses is that they refer to an action which has already occurred, but Instead of situating his action at a definite point in the past, the speaker places it within a period of time which extends from some point in the past up to now. Rather ashamed of this admission of self-determination by the speakerspeakers' intentions not being quite respectable since Bloomfield-Mr. Walker tries to identify tenses with time indicators inside the sentence. He shows that the present perfects have the same collocations as the present tenses. This establishes that they are not past tenses, and this is important, but its practical value is reduced by the number of expressions that will go with either present or past and by the fact that the utterance may contain no specific time indicators at all. The context is the only safe guide to the selection of a particular verb form. He does mention a few expressions peculiar to the present perfects and not compatible with present tenses. This is more helpful for teaching. But what he does not notice is that most of them are found also with past perfects. This confirms what should have been suspected from the pairs of past, present, and present perfect forms, that more than tense is involved.