Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: Effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force–velocity characteristics

Abstract

Muscle adaptations can be induced by high-resistance exercise. Despite being potentially more suitable for older adults, low-resistance exercise protocols have been less investigated. We compared the effects of high- and low-resistance training on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force–velocity characteristics. Fifty-six older adults were randomly assigned to 12weeks of leg press and leg extension training at either HIGH (2×10–15 repetitions at 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM)), LOW (1×80–100 repetitions at 20% of 1RM), or LOW+ (1×60 repetitions at 20% of 1RM, followed by 1×10–20 repetitions at 40% of 1RM). All protocols ended with muscle failure. Leg press and leg extension of 1RM were measured at baseline and post intervention and before the first training session in weeks 5 and 9. At baseline and post intervention, muscle volume (MV) was measured by CT-scan. A Biodex dynamometer evaluated knee extensor static peak torque in different knee angles (PTstat90°, PTstat120°, PTstat150°), dynamic peak torque at different speeds (PTdyn60°s−1, PTdyn180°s−1, PTdyn240°s−1), and speed of movement at 20% (S20), 40% (S40), and 60% (S60) of PTstat90°. HIGH and LOW+ resulted in greater improvements in 1RM strength than LOW (p<0.05). These differences were already apparent after week 5. Similar gains were found between groups in MV, PTstat, PTdyn60°s−1, and PTdyn180°s−1. No changes were reported in speed of movement. HIGH tended to improve PTdyn240°s−1 more than LOW or LOW+ (p=0.064). In conclusion, high- and low-resistance exercises ending with muscle failure may be similarly effective for hypertrophy. High-resistance training led to a higher increase in 1RM strength than low-resistance training (20% of 1RM), but this difference disappeared when using a mixed low-resistance protocol in which the resistance was intensified within a single exercise set (40% of 1RM). Our findings support the need for more research on low-resistance programs in older age, in particular long-term training studies and studies focusing on residual effects after training cessation.