Abstract
Various physical processes in the ocean (many of which are caused by atmospheric factors) lead to inhomogeneities in the distribution of properties or characteristics of sea water. Among such properties and characteristics are the space occupied by sea water in the gravity field (sea level), its phase state (ice cover), the basic thermodynamic characteristics reflecting the state of the water (pressure, temperature, and salinity), derived thermodynamic characteristics (density, electrical conductivity, speed of sound, refractive index, and entropy), the concentration of dissolved gases, bubbles, and organic and mineral suspended matter. Finally, they include characteristics of motion (velocity components and the sea surface level).
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