Stratégies villageoises pour la gestion des paysages forestiers du Menabe Central, Madagascar

La déforestation massive dans la partie Nord-Est de Madagascar, notamment à Andapa, grenier à riz de la région SAVA (région regroupant quatre districts dans la partie Nord-Est de Madagascar qui sont : Sambava, Andapa, Vohémar et Antalaha), entraîne l’érosion des bassins versants et l’ensablement de la plaine rizicole. En amont du bassin versant de Sahamazava, la culture sur brûlis forestier participe à une stratégie de survie des ménages agri- coles les plus démunis. Ces pratiques per- turbent également l’approvisionnement en eau potable de la commune urbaine d’Andapa. Un système de Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) a été envisagé en vue de réorienter le compor- tement des agriculteurs défricheurs. Le mécanisme promeut l’abandon de l’agri- culture itinérante sur brûlis forestier (tavy) au profit de la pratique de cultures pérennes en amont du bassin versant. Des questions se posent quant aux condi- tions de mise en place et de pérennisation de ce dispositif. La présente étude se pro- pose de mettre en exergue l’importance de l’appréciation des besoins locaux dans le contexte de la mise en place d’un PSE dans un pays en développement. À partir de trois scénarios différents, elle retrace l’évolution des exploitations agricoles avant et après l’établissement de l’inter- diction de défricher la forêt sur le bassin versant de Sahamazava, alors que les compensations liées à la réduction des droits d’accès ne sont pas encore effec- tives. Des pistes d'actions précisant l'af- fectation des compensations attendues sont finalement proposées.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial para extração de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) e a valoração ambiental pela disposição a receber dos moradores da zona de amortecimento da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Pacotuba, estado do Espírito Santo. Foram aplicados formulários em uma amostra de 78 famílias, na comunidade de Monte Alegre, localizada na zona de amortecimento da FLONA de Pacotuba, para o levantamento etnobotânico de PFNMs e a disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal. O mapeamento do uso do solo da FLONA do Pacotuba e da zona de amortecimento foram obtidos por meio de uma imagem Landsat. Foi utilizado o método de valoração contingente por meio dos formulários, para estimar a disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal. Na FLONA de Pacotuba existe potencial para produzir PFNMs, com uma oferta principalmente para fins medicinais e ecológicos. O uso do solo demonstra que a FLONA do Pacotuba apresenta um alto percentual de cobertura florestal, no entanto a zona de amortecimento está com alto percentual de pastagem e uso do solo antrópico, sendo o pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) uma alternativa para aumentar a cobertura florestal na zona de amortecimento. A disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal dos proprietários na zona de amortecimento e na FLONA foi maior do que o PSA do estado do Espírito Santo, o que dificulta a adoção de um programa de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. O PSA do Espírito Santo, por meio do programa Reflorestar, associado ao manejo de PFNMs, principalmente medicinais e ecológicos, seriam alternativas para geração de renda e preservação da cobertura florestal.

The contribution of income from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) to rural livelihoods and household income has received global recognition. However, there are growing concerns of overexploitation of NTFPs driven by poverty and policy neglect that threaten the sustainability of the NTFP resource base in Kassena-Nankana West District (KNWD) of Ghana. The study investigated the contribution of income from NTFPs to household income and socioeconomic factors that influence the collection and marketing of NTFPs in KNWD. Using a multistage sampling technique, quantitative data were collected from 375 households through structured survey questionnaires. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observations. Results showed that income from NTFPs forms a significant part of household income with a contribution of 32.69 percent to household income. Regression analysis revealed sex of respondent (P = 0.057), household size (P = 0.046), agricultural land size (P = 0.000), NTFP retailers (P = 0.000), NTFP wholesalers (P = 0.000), and value-added NTFPs (P = 0.000) as significantly and positively correlated with income from NTFPs. Results further indicated that poor households depend primarily on NTFPs in order to achieve their subsistence and income needs compared to high-income households. This research recommends that stakeholders and policymakers consider the needs of forest-dependent communities in policy analysis on NTFP conservation measures. Also, the role of households, especially the low income (poor), in the management of forest resources should be spelled out since they depend primarily on NTFPs to meet their subsistence and income needs.

The researcher conducted a review of 83 articles published between 2011 and 2021 to determine the nontimber forest products (NTFPs) income contribution and usage types based on spatial and temporal patterns. The study used a search, synthesis, appraisal, and analysis framework for review. The review included articles that only focused on the contributions of NTFPs for livelihood income and NTFPs usage type, while others not related to these two topics were excluded. For its literature search, more than half of the articles used Google Scholar, followed by Research4life, Scopus/Elsevier, EMBASE, and PubMed, respectively. In this study, excluding papers that (i) did not provide evidence on the income contribution of NTFPs, (ii) did not include articles that did not clearly explain the NTFPs use types, and (iii) were published before 2011, the reviewer was able to reduce the number of included articles (eligibility criteria or inclusion and exclusion criteria). 83 article papers were reviewed for the current review. The majority of the research for this review was carried out in India (19%), Ethiopia (13%), and Nigeria (11%). India was the first of the 17 both Asian and African countries to do research on the NTFPs’ contribution to rural household income and type of use. NTFPs contribute significantly to rural household revenue in 17 countries, ranging from a minimum of 9.5% in Zambia to a maximum of 40.19% in Myanmar. The average percentage of revenue from NTFPs across the 17 nations was 23.56%. Wild fruit, wild vegetables, medicinal plants, firewood, and crafts were the five NTFP usage types that were used by people in every country studied. Despite the fact that different countries utilize different types of NTFPs, the most commonly used types of NTFPs do not differ statistically ( P > 0.05 ). To prevent overexploitation, those top five NTFPs must be conserved as they gather across the regions. NTFP collection is a significant source of revenue for rural poor and people who live in and around the forest. There are many types of NTFPs in both Asian and African countries. So, this study shows that the rural people depend on the forest product and get many benefits from the forest especially in the NTFP usage type. In order to secure livelihood stability in this global biodiversity hotspot and to preserve plant and animal diversity, the cultivation and scientific harvesting of NTFPs are urgently required. It is necessary to increase capacity by teaching NTFP users how, when, and how much to harvest.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are those that come from forests other than those that provide timber. In order to identify the NTFPs’ financial contribution and usage categories based on regional and temporal patterns in the Horn of Africa countries, we performed a systematic review of 60 papers published between 2010 and 2022. The review used the search terms Non-Timber Forest Product* OR Non- Wood Forest Product*(NWFPs) OR Minor Forest Product in combination with Livelihoods and also Horn of Africa countries to thoroughly search the articles on the Google Scholar, Research4life, Scopus, Science direct, ResearchGate portals, EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The records contained information about the paper’s title, abstract, keywords, authors, country, NTFP income amount, NTFP usage type, and publication year. The recorded data were analyzed using R Studio, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, and Excel 2019. The majority of the research article for this review was done in Ethiopia (45%), Sudan (22%) and Kenya (17%), respectively. According to the review’s findings, NTFPs have a significant impact on rural household income in six nations, the average NTFP overall revenue was 24.41%. There were more than 35 NTFP uses and the source of product in the Horn of African Countries however, Gum Arabic, Food, Firewood, Medicinal plant, and honey were the five NTFP usage types that were used by people and found in almost in all countries of the Horn of Africa. The fact that different countries utilize different types of NTFPs, the most commonly used types of NTFPs have statistically significances differ (p < 0.05). According to the systematic review, the Horn of Africa is rich in NTFPs, which enhance rural income.

This article examines the role of the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as a coping strategy in response to HIV/AIDS-related economic shocks among rural households in the semi-arid Sengwe communal lands in south-eastern Zimbabwe. Using panel data for 200 households in 2008 and 2009, an econometric analysis revealed NTFP extraction as an important ex-post coping mechanism for the HIV/AIDS-afflicted households. Many of the households responded to HIV-related economic crises by increasing NTFP extraction to smooth both consumption and income. On average, the additional income from NTFPs offset about 48% of a household's income shortfalls due to the impact of HIV or AIDS. The importance of NTFPs as an economic safety-net for households depends more on the timing of extraction than on the magnitude (i.e. as a share of total household contribution). Hence, sustainable forest management is of great value for semi-arid tropical areas, such as the Sengwe communal lands, which are hard hit by the HIV epidemic. Consequently, government and other stakeholders would be well advised to implement programmes that reduce pressure on the forest resources, such as by introducing other incomegenerating enterprises like raising small livestock, while improvements in access to education and healthcare will further help the rural poor cope with HIV/AIDS-induced economic crises.

Manupeu Tanadaru forest block was designated as National Park based on Ministry of Forestry and Plantation Decree No.576/Kpts-II/1998. The designation has not been followed by boundary demarcation and a proper management plan. There is a different perception between government and community on the existence of the national park that has led to a conflict between forest protection and biodiversity conservation with community livelihood. The objective of this research is to develop zoning system of Manupeu Tanadaru National Park based on area sensitivity and community activities. Area sensitivity was defined based on biological and physical condition analysis, consists of erosion area analysis, water catchments area analysis and wildlife protection area analysis. Community activities was defined based on type and distribution of local community activities inside the national park. Result of this research show that about 52.89% of the national park was area with high to very high sensitivity level that should be allocated as “Wilderness Zone and Core Zone”. About 12.36% of the national park is used by local community for agriculture, non timber forest product, sacred place and water resource for subsistence needs in area with low to middle sensitivity level that should be allocated as “Traditional Zone and Other Use Zone”. Key words: national park, area sensitivity, community activities, zoning system

Payments for environmental services (PES) are seen as a useful economic tool to ensure both environmental health and human welfare. Doubts have been expressed, however, as to whether PES can be pro-poor. Using four PES case studies in Vietnam (one project on carbon sequestration, two projects on landscape beauty and biodiversity conservation, and one project on watershed protection), the article highlights the pitfalls of PES projects and discusses lessons learnt for PES and pro-poor PES approaches. Major pitfalls and lessons for PES and pro-poor PES are: high transaction costs due to complex project administration and conficts among actors; limited number of ES buyers due to political interference; the need for continuous follow-up activities among potential ES buyers; the need to adopt an approach to PES that is more bottom-up than the current rather top-down approach; and transparent and well monitored mechanisms for the distribution of benefits. The studied projects, although still incipient, have had both positive and negative impacts on the poor. The impacts have been mainly fnancial.

Chapter 18 - NTFPs for socioeconomic security of rural households along the forest ecotone of Paschim Medinipur forest division, India

The Amazonian economic occupation over the last forty years has been extremely harmful to the environment and to the traditional populations. One of the strategies to overcome this difficulty, dealing with sustainable development, is the development of productive units—starting with non-timber forest products (NTFP)—and the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) for the residents and/or owners of forest areas. The main problem which the literature demonstrates is that the estimated values paid for the PES are rather high, because they use the opportunity cost as reference, not considering the family reproduction social cost. The main aim of this study is to provide an alternative forecast of the value to be paid for the environmental services (PES) for the Amazon forest, based on the real costs of the forest communities maintenance, as based on the real economic needs of rural family production in the “Chico Mendes” Extractive Reserve (RESEX), in Xapuri (Acre state), Brazil. It was used a specific methodology, developed regionally, which measured and provided indicators to evaluate and to analyze the economic evolution of those families over the last decade. Based on the needs of family reproduction, the calculations require that the minimum value for PES should be US$13 per hectare, a far lower and more appropriate value than the literature’s average propositions that is around US$50 per hectare. The present paper estimates that the costs of the PES in the Chico Mendes RESEX would be approximately US$5,767,000 per year—taking into account the average area per family.

The creation of a forest bioeconomy based on the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) is being recommended to create wealth from standing forests and halt deforestation in Amazonia. Current proposals do not recognize the limits of this system, nor the impacts of capitalism that drive NTFPs with elastic demand into monoculture plantations. We use a narrative review to revisit the history of these ideas and examine public policies. Among 2,253 Amazonian NTFPs, 1,037 produce edible fruits and 131 of these are extremely abundant (hyperdominant) across the biome and common in the extractive economy. Low productivity per hectare in the forest, low return on labor to harvest the production, and scarcity of labor are three critical limits to expanding supply, with the last being the most critical in forest areas. Overcoming these limitations requires changes in public policies and public investment for health care, communication, logistics, and especially for quality education designed for rural areas and a forest bioeconomy. A mix of public policies to alleviate market failures and increase supply, efficiency, and demand via R&D, minimum prices, payment for environmental services, distinct types of certifications may be able to make food NTFP harvesting, processing, and commercialization lucrative enough to halt rural exodus and keep forest specialists in standing forests. An Amazonian forest bioeconomy depends upon both social and biodiversity, and the full participation and collaboration of Indigenous People and local communities in developing these value chains that can contribute to food security.

Livelihood strategies and NTFP utlisation among rural female-headed households in Limpopo Province, South Africa

This study analyses the economics of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and the economic values appropriated by tribals in a protected area in India. Using primary data covering a cross section of tribals in the Nagarhole National Park (NNP), South India the stud y notes that the economic values appropriated by the tribals are quite high. Even after including external costs (i.e. wildlife damages costs and defensive expenditures to protect against wildlife attacks) the Net Present Value of NTFP benefits derived by the tribal households was over Rs 30,378 per household (at 12% discount rate for cash flows summed over 25 years). Interestingly when the external costs borne by third parties (i.e., coffee growers) are taken into account the net NTFP benefits turned negative. In other words, although from the NTFP extractors viewpoint NTFP extraction is a viable activity, from the society's viewpoint this is not so. The estimated net NTFP benefits from NNP after including the external costs borne by NTFP extractors was estimated at between USD 33.5 to 167.5 per ha per year using alternate assumptions regarding the park's catchment area. The tribals have a positive attitude towards biodiversity conservation. Asked to justify and rank the reasons why biodiversity needs to be conserved, the tribals emphasized its livelihood and ecosystem fun ctions. Using contingent valuation method, the study notes that those with income from coffee estates and forest employment, and those residing in the core zone of the national park are less willing to accept compensation and relocate outside the national park. The study suggests improving the incentive structure in order to obtain the support and participation of tribals in biodiversity conservation strategies.

• Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play an important role in supporting rural livelihoods and food security in Zambia. NTFP-dependent households are poorer, have younger household heads with lower levels of education, and are located closer to district towns than other rural households are. NTFPs are a particularly important source of income in Luapula, Northwestern and Western provinces. • Income from woodfuel represented the greatest share of income for households that participated in NTFPs, and it was the most commonly reported business activity, with 68% of NTFP households reporting income from charcoal and firewood. NTFPs contribute an average of 32% to total household income among participants, with the poorest being more dependent on these sources. • Given the widespread demand for woodfuel and other forest products, it is likely that rural households will continue to engage in the extraction and trade of NTFPs as a business activity. However, charcoal production, if left unchecked, could compromise the integrity of forests and adversely affect the availability of other NTFPs. In order to reduce households’ reliance on charcoal/firewood as an income source, outreach efforts could promote other NTFPs such as wild honey, ants, and mushrooms as business activities. Mushrooms, ants, and caterpillars may particularly be important activities for femaleheaded households, as more female-headed households derived income from these sources.

A growing number of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) schemes are being implemented at the community level in developing countries, especially in the context of climate change mitigation efforts to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). In parallel, there is vigorous commentary about the implications of market‐based or neoliberal conservation strategies, and their potential effects on communities that depend on natural resources. This article explores the political dimensions of community‐level PES in Cambodia, where contracts for ‘avoided deforestation’ and ‘biodiversity conservation’ were implemented in five communities. The research examines three aspects of the community‐level PES model that are inherently political: the engagement of communities as single homogeneous entities, capable of entering PES contracts; the simplification of land‐use practices and resource rights; and the assumption that contracts are voluntary or reflect ‘community choice’. These elements of PES work both discursively and practically to silence certain voices and claims, while privileging others. Therefore, the problematic nature of community‐level PES is not that it is a market per se, but that it is a powerful intervention masquerading as a market. This process of ‘market masquerades’ emerges as a key element in the politics of neoliberal conservation in practice.