Abstract
Among different perovskite solar cell architectures, the carbon-based perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) is a promising candidate for upscaling and commercialization related to low-cost components and simple manufacturing methods. For upscaling a PV technology, three parameters must be considered, corresponding to efficiency, stability, and cost. While the efficiency and lifetime of perovskite technology are the focus of many research groups, the cost parameter is less studied. This work aims to provide information on the manufacturing cost of C-PSC based on experimental data in order to give the readers a panoramic overview of parameters influencing a fabrication process. To analyze the commercialization viability of this technology, we estimated the cost of raw materials and the manufacturing process for sub-modules using two different methods: registration and scribing. The fabrication cost of a sub-module fabricated using the scribing method with 7.9% efficiency was approximately 44% less than that of a device with 6.8% efficiency prepared using registration. We demonstrated that this is due to both the design parameters and performance. In addition, we showed a 51% cost reduction for registration devices by appropriate choice of solar cell components, fabrication steps, and equipment based on the existing infrastructures for the manufacturing of large-scale devices.
Highlights
Perovskite materials have received significant attention due to their excellent performance in variety of applications such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), resistive memories, X-ray imaging, sensors, catalysis, and photovoltaics [1,2]
One of the key advantages of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is their low-cost manufacturing process related to the low-temperature and solution-based methods using inexpensive and abundant materials [5,6]
Various steps in the manufacturing process of PSCs are compatible with flexible substrates as well
Summary
Perovskite materials have received significant attention due to their excellent performance in variety of applications such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), resistive memories, X-ray imaging, sensors, catalysis, and photovoltaics [1,2]. The broad absorption spectrum and low nonradiative recombination losses of perovskite materials make them suitable for solar cell applications. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rapidly increased from 3.8% in the first report in 2009 by Miyasaka to 25.2% in 2021, for an aperture area of 0.0804 cm2 [3,4]. The use of additive manufacturing in solar cell fabrication has shown significant opportunities to establish innovative technologies at a larger size, lighter devices, high throughput processing, and lower manufacturing costs [7,8]. The fast progress in increasing cell efficiencies whilst decreasing manufacturing cost has motivated researchers around the globe to investigate their potential commercialization
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