Abstract
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) has emerged in Implant Dentistry with a series of short-time applications and as a promising material to substitute definitive dental implants. Several strategies have been investigated to diminish biofilm formation on the PEEK surface aiming to decrease the possibility of related infections. Therefore, a comprehensive review was carried out in order to compare PEEK with materials widely used nowadays in Implant Dentistry, such as titanium and zirconia, placing emphasis on studies investigating its ability to grant or prevent biofilm formation. Most studies failed to reveal significant antimicrobial activity in pure PEEK, while several studies described new strategies to reduce biofilm formation and bacterial colonization on this material. Those include the PEEK sulfonation process, incorporation of therapeutic and bioactive agents in PEEK matrix or on PEEK surface, PEEK coatings and incorporation of reinforcement agents, in order to produce nanocomposites or blends. The two most analyzed surface properties were contact angle and roughness, while the most studied bacteria were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Despite PEEK’s susceptibility to biofilm formation, a great number of strategies discussed in this study were able to improve its antibiofilm and antimicrobial properties.
Highlights
The diverse microbiome that harbors in the oral cavity plays an important role in health maintenance through the development of the immune response and inhibition of the pathogen colonization [1]
Than on biodegradable polymers; Bacterial detachment and counting: average colony forming units (CFU/mm2 ). For both bacteria and at both experimental times biofilm growth was greater on PEEK; Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Visual assessment; No significant differences between groups were identified; Bacterial function: crystal violet staining and a Live/Dead assay; Exponential growth of biofilm was noted on PEEK when exposed to
The physicochemical and additional characterization of included papers was achieved by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), porosity evaluation through drainage method, dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractograms (XRD), Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV spectrophotometer
Summary
The diverse microbiome that harbors in the oral cavity plays an important role in health maintenance through the development of the immune response and inhibition of the pathogen colonization [1]. Oral dysbiosis triggers important changes, reducing the number of beneficial bacteria and favoring the growth of potential pathogens [4] This is worrying in susceptible individuals affected by periodontitis, a biofilm related disease characterized by alveolar bone resorption, which may lead to tooth mobility and tooth loss [5,6]. Since there was no consensus on the best treatment protocol [9], biofilm prevention becomes desirable but necessary [10] This can be achieved at the clinical level through favorable implant position and adequate prosthetic design, accompanied by oral hygiene education and regular appointments [10]. Switzerland). (D) PEEK healing screw (FGM, Brazil); (E) PEEK temporary abutments treatment (Straumann,toSwitzerland) that Formation support esthetic restorations; PEEK prosthetic
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