Abstract
Palm oil mills generate a large amount of wastewater, known as palm oil mill effluent, during the production of crude palm oil. The high organic contents in palm oil mill effluent have an excellent potential for biogas utilisation. Besides, such effluent must be further treated before discharge or reused in milling processes. In this respect, an integrated biogas and wastewater treatment system should be developed. The aim of this paper is to synthesise and optimise an integrated biogas and wastewater treatment system via a process systems engineering tool that yields maximum economic performance. To illustrate the proposed approach, a typical palm oil mill case study in Malaysia is presented. The variation in palm oil mill effluent availability is considered to evaluate the changes in performance and ensuring the flexibility of the developed system. As shown in the results, implementation of integrated biogas and wastewater treatment system in a typical 60 t/h mill in Malaysia could export up to 1.9 MW electrical power on average. Alternatively, 110,800 GJ/year of compressed biomethane can be produced when feed-in to the national grid is not available. The implementation of integrated biogas and wastewater treatment system successfully reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 50,430 t CO2e/year as compared with the conventional open ponding system practiced in the industry. Lastly, feasibility studies and strategies to promote biogas utilisation in the industry are performed.
Highlights
Palm oil production is the highest among other major vegetable oils, dominating more than 35% of total global oils and fats production in 2018 (USDA 2019)
More than 50% of them ended up as liquid waste, known as palm oil mill effluent (POME)
Approximately 50–75 million m3 of POME are generated in Malaysia annually
Summary
Palm oil production is the highest among other major vegetable oils, dominating more than 35% of total global oils and fats production in 2018 (USDA 2019). Approximately 50–75 million m3 of POME are generated in Malaysia annually This waste effluent contains high organic content, which leads to high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels (Ahmed et al 2015). The electrocoagulation system uses aluminium electrodes to apply an electrical charge, causing agglomeration of suspended matters in the POME (Kobya et al 2006; Sontaya et al 2013) This process generates river quality water (Class IIA), which could be reused as utility water in POM (WEPA 2008). Two scenarios (with and without national grid connection) are considered, followed by sensitivity analysis to provide strategies to promote biogas utilisation in the industry. Based on the fixed design capacities for primary technology j
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