Abstract
There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems. A Tanzanian rural household case study was considered by assessing the performance of a currently relied surface runoff collecting pond system for domestic purposes. A daily water balance model was applied with performance parameters, no water days (NWD) and rainwater usage (RUR). Rooftop runoff harvesting system was proposed as a water supply source in addition to the current one. Under such dual supply conditions, users can meet the drinking and non-drinking demand even in dry seasons at a minimum of 2 and 20 L/person/d, respectively. For rainwater harvesting adoption (considering selected regions), it was further established that amount and variation in rainfall impacts on quantity available for meeting demand. Increased catchment implies increased harvestable quantity, and with same storage higher reduction of number of NWD although with slight decrease of RUR. Also, increased storage is required for achieving higher RUR in case the same demand is maintained. But same storage can be maintained for increased demand relative to catchment size. However, rainwater catchment increase has greater impact on meeting a specified demand under given condition of rainfall quantity and variation. The RWH technology strategies presented in this study are replicable in other developing countries under site specific conditions.
Highlights
IntroductionThe Africa Water Vision 2025 was established, which highlighted that underdevelopment and low water resources usage in Africa was due to poor financing and technology but not inadequacy of available water resources
A third of the Africa’s population, is living in a water scarcity situation
The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems
Summary
The Africa Water Vision 2025 was established, which highlighted that underdevelopment and low water resources usage in Africa was due to poor financing and technology but not inadequacy of available water resources. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has low cost and is capable of performing with low technology and in a decentralized manner. Low drinking water service coverage, which is 40% and 74% in rural and urban areas, respectively [2]. Efforts to address water supply problems and challenges in Tanzania have included centralized systems which have high operation and maintenance cost, and are limited to urban areas. Community based groundwater systems which include springs and wells, which have problems including water point malfunctioning, limited supply chain and overexploitation of sources. Individual crude systems have challenges of low water quality, insufficient quantity as well as poor infrastructures
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