Abstract
The functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has created strong interest in various biomedical sciences. Advances in nanoparticles enable us to synthesize MNPs of specific morphology and modify MNP surfaces for specific usages. Extensive research and development have been carried out to enhance the biocompatibility of MNPs in terms of shape, size, magnetism, and surface. MNPs with the proper surface chemistry which can conjugate with several ligands such as enzymes, proteins, antibodies and nucleotides for several in vivo applications viz. cancer therapy, drug delivery, MRI contrast enhancement, hyperthermia, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and cell separation. MNPs must fulfill the specific criteria for size, size distribution, surface charge, and biocompatibility and they should also carry specific ligands for targeted applications. Early clinical results have recommended that the functionalization with chemical moieties yield MNPs with improved efficiency in targeted activities. Modifying methodologies for reliably conjugating moieties onto MNPs is necessary for moving forward in this field of biomedical research. Functionalized MNPs are projected to become a significant tool in biomedical applications to understand the approaches in functionalizing MNPs and the efforts of innovative scientists to this technique. As a result, this study presents a comprehensive insight into MNP fabrication processes, classification and discussion of various materials utilized in the functionalization of MNPs, and limitations of multiple strategies for surface modification. A detailed analysis of challenges and opportunities of clinical trials and toxicology studies of functionalized MNPs are investigated for leading-edge research on functionalized MNPs for biomedical applications.
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