Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix

Abstract

• The review highlights the evolving trends in TTA-UC with comprehensive citations. • Insights on host matrix framework impregnated TTA-UC donor acceptor pairs. • Categorize sensitizer-emitter pairs systematically and summarize key metrics. • Briefly emphasize shortcomings and prospects and selected applications. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has been transformed by innovative state-of-the-art developments concerning host matrix framework and nano/micro-substrates that encapsulate the new and existing chromophore pairs. The current review identifies and oversees a timely coverage of such evolving layout trends to further extend the scope of TTA-UC to abundant opportunities for research through excited-state engineering. The article reviews the latest advances in; i) pattern and layouts of the substrates (silica, polymer, inorganic nanocrystals, metal–organic frameworks, micelles, and liposomes), media (gel), and phenomenon (surface plasmon resonance) that drives the process; ii) a comparison of the fundamental features and applications of the smart design patterns; iii) a brief section contributed to the potential triplet sensitizers, annihilators its database and iv) selected applications with a prospect of implementation. The dissemination of this review will be applicable in the form of strategies and research in renewable energy, photo-redox catalysis, biological and material sciences.