Abstract
We present a study on the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by sodium borohydride in the presence of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) using the seed extract of milk thistle (Silibum marianum). Ultra violet-visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern and transmission electron microscopic analyses were respectively used to characterize and confirm the formation, crystalline nature and morphology of the as-synthesized PdNPs. The particles are spherical, crystalline and the size range is <20 nm. The identification of the possible bio-molecules responsible for the reeducation and stabilization of PdNPs was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effectiveness of as-synthesized PdNPs catalyst has been evaluated, on the well-known 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of sodium borohydride and it was monitored using UV–Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The reduction was very efficient and the as-synthesized homogeneous liquid-phase catalyst is eco-friendly, very efficient, easy to synthesize, stable, cost effective and have the potential for industrial applications.
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