Abstract
Abstract. Storm Xaver on 5–6 December 2013 was a serious winter storm in northern Europe with important impacts on societal and energy infrastructure. The storm's low pressure centre passed eastward north of Scotland, across the North Sea and southern Scandinavia, and into the Baltic region. The trajectory resulted in strong northwest winds and a cold air outbreak southward across the North Sea. The resultant convection system was associated with powerful wind gusts and freezing precipitation that impacted the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The storm caused coastal flooding that was comparable with the most serious North Sea surge events of the 20th century. The primary impact for energy meteorology was a large scale electrical power loss in the northern part of the British Isles, Sweden, Poland, and parts of Germany. Petroleum production was reduced as offshore platforms were evacuated ahead of the storm. For wind energy, a number of onshore turbines were damaged by the gust field. Other societal impacts included travel and transport interruptions, building damage, forest damage, and coastal erosion. Because of the high water levels and sea state in the North Sea, the storm was important for offshore wind energy. The wind energy research tower FINO1 sustained unexpected damage during the storm, similar to previous wave strikes during Storm Britta (2006) and Storm Tilo (2007). A closer analysis is made of the tide gauge records across the North Sea to understand the progression of the storm surge and identify high amplitude, short-period features that may be linked to unusual seiches, meteotsunamis, or infragravity waves. Similar to previous storms, there is an indication that large infragravity waves during Storm Xaver may have had an impact on North Sea transport and energy infrastructure as well as coastal erosion. The review of information from different sources permits the met-ocean conditions and resultant societal/energy impacts to be related in time and space.
Highlights
Weather systems have important impacts on energy generation and transmission infrastructure
Water level data from tide gauges around the North Sea are analysed to trace the progress of the storm surge wave and to investigate the short period component, which may be linked with high wave events
The time series are arranged in order of counter-clockwise placement around the North Sea starting from Lerwick in Scotland with vertical offsets for presentation clarity
Summary
Weather systems have important impacts on energy generation and transmission infrastructure. Hydropower, petroleum infrastructure, nuclear power, and wind energy all have some exposure and susceptibility to dangerous weather conditions. These may include extremes of temperature, winds, rain, snowfall, ice storms, and flooding. Shifting sea bed and migrating sand waves were identified as serious problems that led to exposed power transmission cables and required remedial action. Both problems indicated that the nature of the dynamic forces from waves and currents during the maritime storms were more serious than previously suspected from onshore wind energy experience. Other potential problems were port flooding during storm surges and ship collision risk espe-
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