Store and pour: Evolution of flow systems in landscapes

Abstract

Concentrated or preferential flow patterns occur at all scales in hydrologic systems. They shape, and are shaped by, geomorphic and pedologic patterns and structures. Preferential flow patterns in surface channel networks and dual-porosity subsurface flow systems are a way of achieiving maximum efficiency, as predicted by dissipative systems, constructal, network evolution, percolation, and ecohydrological theories. These all converge on the same predictions and interpretations of preferential flow, which satisfactorily answer “why” these patterns form and persist. However, as geomorphic and hydrologic systems have no intentionality or agency, and thus no ability to actively seek improved efficiency, how these systems evolve is an open question. I propose an emergent explanation based on five phenomena. First, concentrated flows form due to principles of gradient and resistance selection. Second, positive feedback reinforces the concentrated preferential flow paths and their relationship to potential moisture storage zones. Third, intersecting flow paths form networks. Fourth, the expansion of concentrated flow paths and networks is limited by thresholds of flow needed for channel, macropore, or conduit growth and maintenance. This results in a “store and pour” flow system that can retain water during dry periods and transport it efficiently during wet periods. These systems survive provided they develop “spillway” and/or secondary storage mechanisms to accommodate excess water inputs. Finally, store-and-pour systems are maintained (selected for) because they are often stable. Store-and-pour structures are advantageous for flow systems, and for vegetation and ecosystems. These entities cannot actively pursue goals, and no laws dictate evolution toward such patterns. Their development is an emergent phenomenon and their persistence a matter of selection, i.e., survival of the most stable.