Abstract
ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ presents near-infrared long-lasting phosphorescence (LLP) suitable for in vivo bioimaging. It is a bright LLP material showing a main thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) peak around 318 K. The TSL peak can be excited virtually by all visible wavelengths from 1.8 eV (680 nm) via d–d excitation of Cr3+ to above ZnGa2O4 band gap (4.5 eV–275 nm). The mechanism of LLP induced by visible light excitation is entirely localized around CrN2 ion that is a Cr3+ ion with an antisite defect as first cationic neighbor. The charging process involves trapping of an electron–hole pair at antisite defects of opposite charges, one of them being first cationic neighbor to CrN2. We propose that the driving force for charge separation in the excited states of chromium is the local electric field created by the neighboring pair of antisite defects. The cluster of defects formed by CrN2 ion and the complementary antisite defects is therefore able to store visible light. This unique property enables repeated exci...
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