Storage media enhance osteoclastogenic potential of human periodontal ligament cells via RANKL‐independent signaling

Abstract

Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) and milk have gained wide acceptance as storage media for avulsed tooth. However, the effect of the media and storage time on the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells involvement in the development of root resorption is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether precultured PDL cells in HBSS, milk, or modified Eagle's medium alpha (α-MEM) would affect osteoclastogenesis. PDL cells were precultured in HBSS, milk, or α-MEM for 1 h or 6 h before being co-cultured with RAW 264.7 cells for an additional 3 days for mRNA analysis and 11 days for osteoclastogenesis assay. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA was detected immediately in PDL cells precultured in the three storage media. The expression was up-regulated markedly in all co-cultures when compared with RAW cells alone. As a result of the co-culture, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was detectable in both PDL and RAW cells. TRAP+ multinucleated, osteoclast-like cells developed in all co-cultures; the number of TRAP+ cells was highest (P < 0.05) in the co-cultures that PDL cells precultured in milk for 6 h. The mRNA level of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) was not detected in PDL cells. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression reduced with increased preculture time, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). PDL cells kept in the three storage media led to TRAP+ multinucleated, osteoclast-like cells formation via RANKL-independent signaling. The ability to induce osteoclastogenesis may be considered as one of the factors to evaluate the ability of storage medium to maintain PDL viability after tooth avulsion.