Stoking the flame: Subsistence and wood energy in rural Alaska, United States

Jennifer I Schmidt,Amanda Byrd,Jennifer Curl,Todd J Brinkman,Krista Heeringa

doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101819

Abstract

Energy costs are large and increasing in rural Alaska communities, so communities are turning to renewable energy. While, many of these communities have a mixed subsistence-cash economy, the relationship between renewable energy and subsistence has not been studied. Tanana, Alaska has a biomass program and we conducted interviews with 61 households in 2017 to understand how residents perceive the program and its association with subsistence activities. We analyzed Alaska Department of Fish & Game subsistence surveys from 89 communities to estimate differences in subsistence harvest between households that harvest wood and those that do not. Interviews indicated that people who harvest wood for the biomass program were six times more likely to engage in subsistence. Subsistence harvests were nearly double (184 kg/per capita) in households that harvested wood for personal use versus those that did not (101 kg/per capita). Equipment used for both activities was similar, and 57% respondents combined wood harvesting with other activities (e.g. subsistence, travel, etc.). Higher household incomes and employment were positively associated with subsistence participation (p < 0.001) while only household incomes was positively associated with wood harvest through the biomass program (p < 0.001). Overall, the program was perceived as having a positive effect (69%) for the community because it has created jobs (36%), saved people money (23%), promoted sharing (16%), and reduced fuel use by the community (15%). Our research shows that biomass programs have the potential to complement subsistence activities and enhance the sustainability of communities in rural Alaska that are faced with high energy costs.

Highlights

Over 200 communities in Alaska are accessible by only air or water
Our objective was to examine four research questions: 1) how do wood harvest and biomass-related employment opportunities effect subsis tence activities in Alaska; 2) to what extent does the community biomass program contribute to the local mixed subsistence-cash economy; 3) how does wood harvest relate to harvest of subsistence foods; and 4) what is the perception of the biomass program by residents
We identified a strong linkage between biomass program participation and subsistence, with wood vendors six times more likely to engage in harvest of subsistence foods than HH with no wood vendor

Summary

Introduction

Over 200 communities in Alaska are accessible by only air or water. Most remote and isolated communities depend on islanded microgrids that supply power through distributed generation [1]. Bulk diesel for microgrids is delivered by barge once or twice a year, often within a small, four-month window of opportunity or by air. Importing the diesel fuel required to generate electricity and provide heat to homes is one of the largest annual costs in a community [2]. Electricity, and gasoline costs for remote Alaska households (HHs) may consume up to 47% of annual income for rural Alaskan HHs that earn less than $28,000/yr [3]. High energy costs compete with other basic expenses G., food, transportation) [4] High energy costs compete with other basic expenses (e. g., food, transportation) [4]

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