Stoicyzm wobec psychologicznych i pedagogicznych uwarunkowań procesu wychowania

Abstract

The first part of the article deals with the philosophy of stoicism. This philosophy referred to such factors as: a) being guided by reason; b) moral discipline; c) spiritual balance and cutting off emotions from external events. The cult of nature was of great importance in the teaching of the Stoics. In the metaphysical dimension, the Stoics preached the thesis that the whole world consists of only one element, i.e. matter. Another dimension of Stoicism was logic. In its history, Stoicism had three significant schools: a) the old stoa of Zeno of Kition; b) the middle stoa, whose representative was Cleanthes and then his student Chrysippus of Sołoj; c) the younger stoa with such representatives as: Aenneas Seneca, Epictetus and Emperor Marcus Aurelius. The second part of the article refers to the specificity of upbringing. The direction of educational development assumes three possibilities: a) upward development; b) sustained development; c) downward development. There are four groups of definitions of upbringing: a) praxeological; b) evolutionary; c) situational; d) adaptive. There is also an involutional or entropic, reverse direction. Different types of education are also mentioned. The path of good upbringing gives a person a sense of happiness. The Stoics stress the importance of self-education. According to this direction, man has a social nature. The fruit of education should be a perfect man. The Stoics emphasized the importance of thinking and its discipline. The ultimate effect of education is not only knowledge but also wisdom. Key words: goodness, harmony with nature, meaning of life, stoicism, happiness, upbringing.