Stochastic planning for low-carbon building integrated energy system considering electric-heat-V2G coupling

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The low-carbon building has been proposed to mitigate the climate change caused by environmental problems and realize carbon neutrality in urban areas. In addition, the integrated energy system (IES) has been developed to reduce renewable energy curtailment in the power distribution system and improve energy efficiency due to the independent operation of traditional energy systems. In this paper, we propose a stochastic planning method for low-carbon building IES, in which the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) is also considered to further increase the flexibility of low-carbon buildings. The proposed planning method optimizes the investment and operation costs, and CO2 emission of the building IES, to achieve the maximum benefit of the low-carbon building and help realize carbon neutrality. By considering the uncertainty of distributed renewable energy, multi-energy load fluctuation and the random behavior of EV users, a two-stage stochastic programming model is formulated with chance constraints, in which the heuristic moment matching scenario generation (HMMSG) and sample average approximation (SAA) methods are applied to deal with the uncertainties. In the case study, a real IES office building in Shanghai, where photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system (ESS), fuel cell (FC), EV, etc. are included as planning options, is used as the test system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed planning method, and the functions of the ESS and EV in IES are analyzed in detail in different operation scenarios. The case study results show that the proposed planning scheme can reduce the total cost and carbon emission significantly.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.