Stimulus properties of facial expressions and their influence on the classical conditioning of fear

Abstract

The influence of particular stimulus properties of facial expressions of emotion upon associative learning to a neutral cue was examined in the present investigation. A compound stimulus, composed of either a fearful, happy, or neutral facial expression paired with a neutral cue (tone), signaled an aversive event (mild electric shock). Phasic change in skin conductance (SC) was used as the measure of associative learning. Analyses of variance revealed that subjects who saw a fearful expression paired with the tone gave larger SC responses to the fearful expression than to the tone. The opposite pattern was obtained for subjects who had a happy expression paired with the tone. Subjects who had the neutral expression paired with the tone showed no significant difference in their responses to the two stimuli. Results of the present investigation were consistent with those of an earlier study by Lanzetta and Orr (1980), and extend the earlier theoretical interpretations by suggesting that fear expressions function as excitatory stimuli and happy expressions act as inhibitory stimuli. Methodological changes in the present study, which include a shorter CS interval and asynchronous stimulus onsets, also extend the previous findings.