Abstract
Over the past 10 years, stimuli-responsive polymeric biomaterials have emerged as effective systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Persistent with ongoing efforts to minimize adverse effects, stimuli-responsive biomaterials are designed to release in response to either chemical, physical, or biological triggers. The stimuli-responsiveness of smart biomaterials may improve spatiotemporal specificity of release. The material design may be used to tailor smart polymers to release a drug when particular stimuli are present. Smart biomaterials may use internal or external stimuli as triggering mechanisms. Internal stimuli-responsive smart biomaterials include those that respond to specific enzymes or changes in microenvironment pH; external stimuli can consist of electromagnetic, light, or acoustic energy; with some smart biomaterials responding to multiple stimuli. This review looks at current and evolving stimuli-responsive polymeric biomaterials in their proposed applications.
Highlights
Researchers throughout different disciplines continue to explore improved and safer ways to locally deliver drugs to specific sites of action, attempting to increase specificity and efficacy
In a murine model of analgesia, magnetic stimulation of ketorolac-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) provided a 50% increase in the duration of clinically assessed pain relief compared to non-stimulated particles, while both provided greater magnitude and duration of pain relief compared to ketorolac alone [52]
Mohapatra et al demonstrated that brief magnetic stimulation of SPION-loaded chitosan-polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate microbeads could increase vancomycin elution to therapeutic levels (>2 mcg/mL) after drug release had dropped to negligible levels for three days [55,56]
Summary
Researchers throughout different disciplines continue to explore improved and safer ways to locally deliver drugs to specific sites of action, attempting to increase specificity and efficacy. Biomacromolecules, nano-/micro-particles, biocompatibility, biodegradability, specific targeting, cargo protection, and bulk materials are some of the developments that have improved or enhanced biomaterials, their applications, or the combination [3] Drug carriers and their subsequent on-demand release have been the benefactors from flexible designs that evolved to address the perplexing and diverse physiological environment. The spatiotemporal control that many smart systems possess increases efficacy, and minimizes potential side effects and off-target toxicity The emphasis of this mini-review is to present and analyze progress in the development of polymeric smart drug delivery biomaterials within the past decade. We will focus on three primary categories for stimuli-responsive polymeric systems, chemical, physical, and biological, with systems containing multiple or overlapping stimuli-responsiveness discussed separately Within each group, this mini-review will discuss pH-, acoustic-, photo-, magnetic-, electric-, and enzyme-responsiveness as distinct subcategories; a summary of the reviewed studies in tabulated form is present at the conclusion (Table 1). We will survey representative samples for each of the subcategory stimuli types with appropriate advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and future directions
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