Abstract
The base sequences of DNA are endowed with the rich structural and functional information and are available for the precise construction of the 2D and 3D macro products. The hydrogels formed by DNA are biocompatible, stable, tunable and biologically versatile, thus, these have a wide range of promising applications in bioanalysis and biomedicine. In particular, the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels (smart DNA hydrogels), which exhibit a reversible and switchable hydrogel to sol transition under different triggers, have emerged as smart materials for sensing. Thus far, the combination of the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels and multiple sensing platforms is considered as biocompatible and is useful as the flexible recognition components. A review of the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels and their biosensing applications has been presented in this study. The synthesis methods to prepare the DNA hydrogels have been introduced. Subsequently, the current status of the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels in biosensing has been described. The analytical mechanisms are further elaborated by the combination of the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels with the optical, electrochemical, point-of-care testing (POCT) and other detection platforms. In addition, the prospects of the application of the stimuli-responsive DNA hydrogels in biosensing are presented.Graphical abstract
Highlights
DNA has existed in nature for billions of years, and the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 ushered in the possibilities for understanding and application of DNA at the molecular level [1]
The specific principle is to use DNA hydrogels to encapsulate amylase, and the amylase released from the disintegrated hydrogels catalyzes the hydrolysis of amylose to glucose, the resulting glucose is oxidized by Glucose oxidase (GOx) to generate H2O2, which acts with horseradish peroxidase-like (HRP) on different substrates to achieve different signal outputs
In conclusion, this study comprehensively reviews the specific applications of the stimulus-responsive DNA hydrogels in biosensing, along with exploring the recent advances
Summary
DNA has existed in nature for billions of years, and the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 ushered in the possibilities for understanding and application of DNA at the molecular level [1]. In the field of sensing, the DNA hydrogels combined with the diverse sensing platforms react with the metal ions [48, 49], nucleic acids [50–54], proteins [55, 56] and carcinogens [57], thereby converting them as changes in DNA hydrogel material properties, allowing the sensitive and specific target detection [58, 59].
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