Abstract
The new era of nanotechnology has produced advanced nanomaterials applicable to various fields of medicine, including diagnostic bio-imaging, chemotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and biosensors. Various materials are formed into nanoparticles, such as gold nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots, and liposomes. The nanomaterials have been functionalized and widely used because they are biocompatible and easy to design and prepare. This review mainly focuses on nanomaterials responsive to the external stimuli used in drug-delivery systems. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapeutics to a tumor, the dual- and multi-responsive behaviors of nanoparticles have been harnessed to improve efficiency from a drug delivery point of view. Issues and future research related to these nanomaterial-based stimuli sensitivities and the scope of stimuli-responsive systems for nanomedicine applications are discussed.
Highlights
Nanotechnology research has had a significant impact on the field of medicine
Ultrasound technology has been used in therapeutic applications, such as imaging-guided drug delivery, because it is safe, penetrates tissues, is non-invasive, and has better spatiotemporal control since it can precisely focus on a target area
They utilized local pH changes caused by an electrochemical reaction by synthesizing drug-loaded nanofilms, and the pH change produced by the electrical signal recovered quickly after the removal of the stimulus owing to a buffering action, which prevented an “off” state drug release [77]
Summary
Nanotechnology research has had a significant impact on the field of medicine. nanomaterials, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, metallic nanoparticles (NPs), and nanogels, are currently being developed and used in various biomedical applications. These nanomaterial systems play an important role in sensing, biomedical imaging, and diagnosis and in drug delivery These smart carrier systems have been widely developed because they are responsive to various exogenous (e.g., pH, temperature, light, and ultrasound) and endogenous (e.g., redox potential and enzyme presence) stimuli. There are two approaches for designing stimuli-responsive drug-delivery nanoparticles that efficiently accumulate at the tumor site, respond to intratumoral or external stimuli, and penetrate tumor cells One of these approaches involves endogenous stimuli (i.e., enzymes, ions, and redox potential), which are mainly unique among tumor regions and can effectively enhance drug release [5,6]. In Ithnisthreivs ierwev, ieenwd,ogeenndoougseannodusexaongdenoeuxsogsteinmouulsi, asltoimnguwli,ithaldonugal-wanitdh mduulatil--staimndulim-reuslptio-sntsiimveulidruregsdpeolnivsievrey,darruegddisecluivsseeryd,(aFriegudriesc1u)s. sTehdis(Friegvuierew1w). oTuhlids rpervoiveiwdewaosuulmd pmraorvyidoef causrurmenmt raersyeaorfcchuorrnent varrieosuesarsctihmounli vanardioruesspsotnimdiunlgi naanndorpeasrptiocnledsiansgwnealnl oaps athrteiicrleusp-atso-wdaetlel aasppthlieciartiuonp.-tWo-hdialteethaeprpelwicaetrieon. sevWerhailleretphoerrteswonersetismevuelir-arlesrpepoonrstisveonblsotcimk cuolip-orelyspmoenrscivaerrbielrosc,kthciosproelvyimewerwcoarurlidernso, tthliims ritevthieewscwopoeuld onlnyoot nlitmheitptohlyemsecroipcenaonnolcyarorinersth. eThpeosltyamtee-roifc-anrtannaoncoarsrizieerds.mTahteerisatlastree-sopf-oanrtdinnagntooseizxetedrnmalaatenrdials intreersnpaol nstdiminugltioweoxuteldrnbael adnisdcuinstseerdn.al stimuli would be discussed
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