Still searching for effective criticism inoculation procedures: An example of the value of replication and process analyses in applied sport psychology research

Abstract

Abstract This study replicated and extended some aspects of the research reported by Kirschenbaum et al. (1984) in which subjects were trained in techniques designed to prevent adverse effects of excessive criticism (Criticism Inoculation Training or CIT). Pseudo-coaches taught undergraduate men (N = 45) the basketball underhand freethrow technique. The pseudo-coaches frequently criticized subjects in 2 of 3 groups: the negative feedback group and the CIT group (negative feedback + CIT training = positive imagery, expectancy enhancement, and positive self-monitoring). The third group was a control group which received no feedback. Measures included accuracy of freethrow shooting (performance) and process measures (e.g., attitudes toward the pseudo-coaches and the technique). Negative feedback was expected to decrease performance and favorableness of attitudes. CIT was expected to enhance performance and attitudes, thereby reducing the adverse effects of excessive criticism. As in the prior study, CIT prov...