Abstract
Penalty contact finite elements are effective for modeling discontinuities in finite element analyses. A key ingredient in the evaluation of contact element matrices is numerical integration. Computational experience has shown that use of full integration sometimes gives rise to spurious, annoying oscillations in contact stresses, while some reduced integration rules do not. In this paper we thoroughly investigate the effects of numerical integration on element behavior by comparison to an equivalent mixed method. Conclusions are drawn regarding desirable characteristics that an integration rule should have and an effective local stress averaging scheme for use at contact interelement boundaries is developed.
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