Abstract

Steroid resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SRINS) in children is one of the leading causes of progression to chronic kidney disease stage V (CKD V)/end stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs (IS) and to identify risk factors for progression to ESRD in this population. Clinical and biochemical variables at presentation, early or late steroid resistance, histological pattern and response to cyclosporine A (CsA) and cyclophosfamide (CP) were reviewed in 136 children with SRINS. The analyzed outcome was the progression to ESRD. Univariate as well as multivariate Cox-regression analysis were performed. Median age at onset was 5.54 years (0.67-17.22) and median follow up time was 6.1 years (0.25-30.83). Early steroid-resistance was observed in 114 patients and late resistance in 22. Resistance to CP and CsA was 62.9% and 35% respectively. At last follow-up 57 patients reached ESRD. The renal survival rate was 71.5%, 58.4%, 55.3%, 35.6% and 28.5% at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that older age at onset, early steroid-resistance, hematuria, hypertension, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and resistance to IS were risk factors for ESRD. The Cox proportional-hazards regression identified CsAresistance and FSGS as the only predictors for ESRD. Our findings showed that CsA-resistance and FSGS were risk factors for ESRD.

Highlights

  • Steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SRINS) occurs in approximately 10-20% of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS)

  • SRINS was observed in 114 patients (84%) and late SRINS in 22 (16%)

  • Thirteen with initial MCD had a transition to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

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Summary

Introduction

Steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SRINS) occurs in approximately 10-20% of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). According to the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC)1 90% of sensitive patients enter into remission within 4 weeks after starting steroids, leading to the definition of steroid resistance as failure to achieve remission after 4 weeks. Another definition which appeared from ISKDC study[2] was that the initial non-responders were patients who failed to respond during the first 8 weeks of prednisone therapy (60 mg per m2/day for 4 weeks, followed by 40 mg/m2 three times a week for 4 weeks). The KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Glomerulonephritis[4] suggested a minimum of 8 weeks of treatment with steroids to define steroid resistance

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