Abstract
Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate (testosterone-BSA) is taken up by cells via the process of endocytosis. When it is taken up by the target cells of testosterone such as spermatogenic cells, it enters the nuclei of the cells. However, testosterone-BSA does not enter the nuclei of the non-target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. Similarly, hydrocortisone-BSA conjugate enters the nuclei of its target cells such as hepatocytes and thymocytes. In the vesicular trafficking of testosterone-BSAs into the nucleoplasm, the vesicle membrane is likely to fuse with a nuclear hemifusion diaphragm. IgG coupled with hydrocortisone also enters the hormone-target cell nuclei, with its antigenicity kept intact. These results suggest that steroid hormones could act as transporters for conveying exogenous macromolecules into the target cell nuclei in vivo. Our studies provide a novel insight to the functions of steroid hormones.
Highlights
Upon injection into the vascular system of rats, testosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate is taken up by cells via the process of endocytosis
The nucleoplasmic side of the hemifusion diaphragm was covered with electron-dense materials, and cell membrane markers were localized along the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane (Fig. 2)
These results suggest that simian virus 40 (SV40)-containing vesicle membrane fuse to hemifusion diaphragms in the nuclear envelope in order to transport virus particles into the nucleoplasm, and that the exogenous macromolecules used here as cell membrane markers were transported into the nucleus in this manner [12]
Summary
The purpose of my research was explaining the evolution of life based on genetics. The concept of heredity is based on the knowledge that all genes in the progenies are inherited from the parents. In the evolution of life, progenies tend to develop some variations in genes which do not originate from their parents. A great part of the evolution is the results of genetic changes occurring inside of the cells.
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