Stereotactic Brain Biopsy Hemorrhage Risk Factors and Implications for Postoperative Care at a Single Institution: An Argument For Postoperative Imaging

Abstract

To determine preoperative factors contributing to postoperative hemorrhage after stereotactic brain biopsy (STB), clinical implications of postoperative hemorrhage, and the role of postoperative imaging in clinical management. Retrospective review of STB (2005-2018) across 2 institutions including patients aged >18 years undergoing first STB. Patients with prior craniotomy, open biopsy, or prior STB were excluded. Preoperative variables included age, sex, neurosurgeon seniority, STB method. Postoperative variables included pathology, postoperative hemorrhage on computed tomography, immediate and 30-day postoperative seizure, infection, postoperative hospital stay duration, and 30-day return to operating room (OR). Analysis used the Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. Overall, 410 patients were included. Average age was 56.5 (±16.5) years; 60% (n= 248) were men. The majority of biopsies were performed by senior neurosurgeons (66%, n= 270); frontal lobe (42%, n= 182) and glioblastoma (45%, n= 186) were the most common location and pathology. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 28% (114) of patients with 20% <0.05 cm3 and 8% >0.05 cm3. Postoperative hemorrhage of any size was associated with increased rate of postoperative deficit within both 24 hours and 30 days, postoperative seizure, and length of hospital stay when controlling for pathology. Hemorrhages >0.05 cm3 had a 16% higher rate of return to the OR for evacuation, due to clinical deterioration as opposed to radiographic progression. Postbiopsy hemorrhage was associated with higher risk of immediate and delayed postoperative deficit and seizure. Postoperative computed tomography should be used to determine whether STB patients can be discharged same day or admitted for observation; clinical evaluation should determine return to OR for evacuation.