Abstract
Over the past three decades, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes have become remarkable objects for starting the implementation of new models and technologies in different branches of science. To a great extent, this is defined by the unique electronic and spatial properties of nanocavities due to the ramified π-electron systems. This provides an opportunity for the formation of endohedral complexes containing non-covalently bonded atoms or molecules inside fullerenes and nanotubes. The guest species are exposed to the force field of the nanocavity, which can be described as a combination of electronic and steric requirements. Its action significantly changes conformational properties of even relatively simple molecules, including ethane and its analogs, as well as compounds with C−O, C−S, B−B, B−O, B−N, N−N, Al−Al, Si−Si and Ge−Ge bonds. Besides that, the cavity of the host molecule dramatically alters the stereochemical characteristics of cyclic and heterocyclic systems, affects the energy of pyramidal nitrogen inversion in amines, changes the relative stability of cis and trans isomers and, in the case of chiral nanotubes, strongly influences the properties of R- and S-enantiomers. The present review aims at primary compilation of such unusual stereochemical effects and initial evaluation of the nature of the force field inside nanotubes and fullerenes.
Highlights
The history of nanotubes [1,2] and fullerenes [3] spans several decades; the most important stages in understanding of their nature and properties are well represented in recent reviews and books [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
The present review aims at primary compilation of such unusual stereochemical effects and initial evaluation of the nature of the force field inside nanotubes and fullerenes
Promising opportunities of different nanostructured objects are largely connected with the formation of endohedral complexes of fullerenes and nanotubes
Summary
The history of nanotubes [1,2] and fullerenes [3] spans several decades; the most important stages in understanding of their nature and properties are well represented in recent reviews and books [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Its further development has resulted in two solvent models: implicit (continuum) and explicit (discrete); their comparative effectiveness has been discussed in recent publications [78,79,80,81,82,83,84] In this connection, the endohedral complexes of fullerenes and nanotubes can be viewed as a variety of explicit models. In view of the foregoing, the objective of the present work is to discuss the conformational behavior and other stereochemical properties a range of compounds: inorganic species, ethane and its analogs, alcohols, ethers, compounds with double bonds, enantiomers, cyclic and heterocyclic molecules—inside nanotubes and fullerenes in comparison with free state or usual solutions. Chirality and diameter of fullerenes on the stability of preference conformation and chemical structure of the guest molecule
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