Stereochemical Selectivity of Methanandamides for the CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Metabolic Stability

Abstract

Several chiral, analogues of the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide), methylated at the 2,1′ and 2′ positions using asymmetric synthesis were evaluated in order to study (a) stereoselectivity of binding to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors; and (b) metabolic stability with regard to anandamide amidase. Enantiomerically pure 2-methyl arachidonic acids were synthesized through diastereoselective methylation of the respective chiral 2-oxazolidinone enolate derivatives and CB1 and CB2 receptor affinities of the resulting chiral anandamides were evaluated using a standard receptor binding assay. Introduction of a single 2-methyl group increased affinity for CB1, led to limited enantioselectivity and only modestly improved metabolic stability. However, a high degree of enantio- and diastereoselectivity was observed for the 2,1′-dimethyl analogues. ( R)- N-(1-methyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-2-( R)-methyl-arachidonamide ( 4 ) exhibited the highest CB1 receptor affinity in this series with a K i of 7.42 nM, an at least 10-fold improvement on anandamide ( K i=78.2 nM). The introduction of two methyl groups at the 2-position of anandamide led to no change in affinity for CB1 but somewhat enhanced metabolic stability. Conversely, chiral headgroup methylation in the 2- gem-dimethyl series led to chiral analogues possessing a wide range of CB1 affinities. Of these the ( S)-2,2,2′-trimethyl analogue ( 12) had the highest affinity for CB1 almost equal to that of anandamide. In agreement with our previous anandamide structure–activity relationship work, the analogues in this study showed high selectivity for the CB1 receptor over CB2. The results are evaluated in terms of stereochemical factors affecting the ligand's affinity for CB1 using receptor-essential volume mapping as an aid. Based on the results, a partial CB1 receptor site model is proposed, that bears two hydrophobic pockets capable of accommodating 1′- and 2-methyl groups