Abstract
There have been many models to identify and analyze low-frequency motions in protein and DNA molecules. It has been successfully used to simulate various low-frequency collective motions in protein and DNA molecules. Low- frequency motions in biomacromolecules origi- nate from two common and intrinsic character-istics; i.e., they contain 1) a series of weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, and 2) a sub-stantial mass distributed over the region of these weak bonds. Many biological functions and dynamic mechanisms, including coopera-tive effects have been reported. In this regard, some phenomenological theories were estab-lished. However, differences in experimental outcomes are expected since many factors could influence the outcome of experiments in EMF research. Any effect of EMF has to depend on the energy absorbed by a biological organ-ism and on how the energy is delivered in space and time. Frequency, intensity, exposure dura-tion, and the number of exposure episodes can affect the response, and these factors can inter- act with each other to produce different effects. In addition, in order to understand the biologi- cal consequence of EMF exposure, one must know whether the effect is cumulative, whether compensatory responses result, and when ho-meostasis will break down. Such findings will have great potential for use in translation medi-cine at the clinical level without being invasive.
Highlights
Current investigations primarily focus on electromagnetic fields as electropollutants, e.g. cell phones, with slight regard to therapy
World Health Organization convened scientists from around the world and determined that field strengths less than 20,000 Gauss, which is lower in intensity than magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, are free of adverse side effects [1]
It is contended that pulsed therapeutic fields are usually more effective if less than 20 Gauss and frequencies are less than 300 Hz, below which they are referred to as extremely low frequency (ELF) [15,16,17,18]
Summary
Current investigations primarily focus on electromagnetic fields as electropollutants, e.g. cell phones, with slight regard to therapy. In terms of clinical application, EMF-induction of elevated levels of hsp, a stress response protein, confers protection against hypoxia [11], aids myocardial function and survival [12] as well as survival following ischemia reperfusion [12,13,14]. Given these results, we are interested in the translational significance of effect vs efficacy. In terms of molecular effects, concern might be expressed for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), an EM treatment for mental illness employing extremely low frequencies (ELF) combined with field strengths of sev-. The radiofrequency and microwave parts of the spectrum are used by inserting bulk energy, whereas the ELF-EMF region is useful by producing electro-mechanical effects on target tissues, producing specific biochemical reactions
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