Abstract
Urine retention secondary to neoplastic obstructions of the upper and lower urinary tracts is a life-threatening condition in both humans and companion animals. Stents can be placed to temporarily or permanently open obstructed urinary tract lumens and are often able to be placed using minimally invasive techniques with guidance via ultrasonography or fluoroscopy. The literature for these techniques is vast for humans and growing for companion animals. The below review provides a discussion of the principles of stenting and types of ureteral and urethral stents, as well as the techniques for placing these stents in humans and companion animals.
Highlights
Both intrinsic and extrinsic neoplastic disease can result in urinary tract obstruction in humans and companion animals
Stenting of lower urinary tract tumors in dogs is one of the most commonly performed interventional oncology procedures in veterinary patients, and the literature descriptions of outcomes associated with urethral stenting are increasing
When benign ureteral obstructions are encountered, endoscopic assistance is used regularly to place ureteral stents in humans and companion animals; malignant tumor growth over the ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) in companion animals often limits the usefulness of direct visualization of the UVJ, and percutaneous access to the kidney with ureteral stent placement in an antegrade fashion is more commonly utilized
Summary
Both intrinsic and extrinsic neoplastic disease can result in urinary tract obstruction in humans and companion animals. Malignancy more commonly results in obstruction of the ureter than the urethra in humans, but the opposite is true in companion animals. Stenting of lower urinary tract tumors in dogs is one of the most commonly performed interventional oncology procedures in veterinary patients, and the literature descriptions of outcomes associated with urethral stenting are increasing. While stenting of urinary tract obstructions is essentially a palliative procedure to reestablish urine flow, the use of stents for delivery of local therapeutics is growing
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