Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is deficient in self-healing properties. The early treatment of focal cartilage lesions is a public health challenge to prevent long-term degradation and the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Cartilage tissue engineering represents a promising alternative to the current insufficient surgical solutions. 3D printing is a thriving technology and offers new possibilities for personalized regenerative medicine. Extrusion-based processes permit the deposition of cell-seeded bioinks, in a layer-by-layer manner, allowing mimicry of the native zonal organization of hyaline cartilage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for cartilage tissue engineering. Originally isolated from bone marrow, they can now be derived from many different cell sources (e.g., synovium, dental pulp, Wharton’s jelly). Their proliferation and differentiation potential are well characterized, and they possess good chondrogenic potential, making them appropriate candidates for cartilage reconstruction. This review summarizes the different sources, origins, and densities of MSCs used in extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) processes, as alternatives to chondrocytes. The different bioink constituents and their advantages for producing substitutes mimicking healthy hyaline cartilage is also discussed.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.license.Articular cartilage is a specialized tissue that lines the ends of the epiphyses and allows joint movement
After a brief synopsis of normal and pathological cartilage, as well as the leading 3D printing methods, we focused on the interest of bioextrusion in cartilage engineering, according to the biomaterial composition of the bioinks, and the nature of the cell contingent, mainly mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs), which are pluripotent, depending on the environment used
To recreate this complex structural cellular organization, recent findings highlighted the fact that coculturing Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes in the same constructs could favor the induction of chondrogenesis, especially for Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) [170]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Articular cartilage is a specialized tissue that lines the ends of the epiphyses and allows joint movement It is a layered tissue consisting of 4 zones—the superficial, transitional, deep, and calcified areas separated from the underlying bone. Apart from arthroplasty, the repair or replacement of hyaline cartilage is a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. Current orthopedical methods such as microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation, or mosaicplasty might offer short-term solutions. Joint engineering is an interdisciplinary field that aims to recreate a neo-tissue whose physical and biochemical property are close to those of the native tissue. It combines cells, biomaterials, and environmental factors. It isREVIEW worth noting that conventional cartilage engineering methods have minimal control over the shape, size, and organization of engineered products
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