Abstract
Many different subpopulations of subcellular extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described. EVs are released from all cell types and have been shown to regulate normal physiological homeostasis, as well as pathological states by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, organ homing, injury and recovery, as well as disease progression. In this review, we focus on the bidirectional actions of vesicles from normal and diseased cells on normal or leukemic target cells; and on the leukemic microenvironment as a whole. EVs from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can have a healing effect, reversing the malignant phenotype in prostate and colorectal cancer, as well as mitigating radiation damage to marrow. The role of EVs in leukemia and their bimodal cross talk with the encompassing microenvironment remains to be fully characterized. This may provide insight for clinical advances via the application of EVs as potential therapy and the employment of statistical and machine learning models to capture the pleiotropic effects EVs endow to a dynamic microenvironment, possibly allowing for precise therapeutic intervention.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, naturally occurring, membrane enclosed spheres of varying size that are secreted by most cell types
Our own studies exploring the effect of EVs from lung and bone marrow sources showed that there was an initial transfer of lungderived mRNA for surfactants to the target marrow cells, as well as the transfer of a factor that induced donor cell, lungspecific mRNA characteristics on the target cell [1]
Rat and mouse albumin-specific primers were utilized, liver vesicles were incubated with marrow cells, and the resulting target cell albumin mRNA was analyzed for whether it was mRNA transferred from donor cell or mRNA produced in the target cell
Summary
Borgovan T, Crawford L, Nwizu C, Quesenberry P. Stem cells and extracellular vesicles: biological regulators of physiology and disease. The role of EVs in leukemia and their bimodal cross talk with the encompassing microenvironment remains to be fully characterized. This may provide insight for clinical advances via the application of EVs as potential therapy and the employment of statistical and machine learning models to capture the pleiotropic effects EVs endow to a dynamic microenvironment, possibly allowing for precise therapeutic intervention
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