Abstract
Bone tissue engineering approaches are encouraging for the improvement of conventional bone grafting technique drawbacks. Thanks to their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation ability, stem cells are one of the major actors in tissue engineering approaches, and among these adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold a great promise for regenerative medicine strategies. Bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) are the first- identified and well-recognized stem cell population used in bone tissue engineering. Nevertheless, several factors hamper BM-MSC clinical application and subsequently, new stem cell sources have been investigated for these purposes. The fruitful selection and combination of tissue engineered scaffold, progenitor cells, and physiologic signaling molecules allowed the surgeon to reconstruct the missing natural tissue. On the basis of these considerations, we analyzed the capability of two different scaffolds, planned for osteochondral tissue regeneration, to modulate differentiation of adult stem cells of dissimilar local sources (i.e., periodontal ligament, maxillary periosteum) as well as adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), in view of possible craniofacial tissue engineering strategies. We demonstrated that cells are differently committed toward the osteoblastic phenotype and therefore, taking into account their specific features, they could be intriguing cell sources in different stem cell-based bone/periodontal tissue regeneration approaches.
Highlights
Reconstruction of large bone and/or complex craniofacial defects is a clinical challenge in situations of injury, congenital defects or disease
On the contrary in Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDL-SCs) seeded on the Gelatin (G) scaffolds (GEL)/HA scaffolds there were slight changes in runx2 and sparc mRNA expression in comparison with controls, whilst we observed a reduction in bglap mRNA expression. These results suggested that Periosteum derived precursor cells (PDPCs) are more committed toward an osteoblastic phenotype compared to Periodontal ligament (PDL)-SCs and concomitantly we observed that the scaffold architecture/composition affect osteoblastic differentiation
Autogenous tissue is endowed of all the basic elements essential for an effective tissue regeneration: it provides cells, extracellular matrix and cytokines (Khan et al, 2005; Pape et al, 2010)
Summary
Reconstruction of large bone and/or complex craniofacial defects is a clinical challenge in situations of injury, congenital defects or disease. As suggested by Giannoudis et al (2007), in addition to 3D dimensional structures, mechanical, and/or physical signals, cell type as well as environmental bioactive factors are critical to direct tissue repair and regeneration. Both somatic and stem cells have been adopted in the treatment of complex osseous defects and, among these, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) held the greatest promise for regenerative therapies in the skeletal system. For researchers investigating stem cell-based tissue engineering, it is essential to select the most appropriate type of MSCs source naturally suited to obtain a more efficient treatment for the regeneration of injured skeletal tissues of different anatomical districts
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