Abstract
The cornea comprises a pool of self-regenerating epithelial cells that are crucial to preserving clarity and visibility. Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), which live in a specialized stem cell niche (SCN), are crucial for the survival of the human corneal epithelium. They live at the bottom of the limbal crypts, in a physically enclosed microenvironment with a number of neighboring niche cells. Scientists also simplified features of these diverse microenvironments for more analysis in situ by designing and recreating features of different SCNs. Recent methods for regenerating the corneal epithelium after serious trauma, including burns and allergic assaults, focus mainly on regenerating the LESCs. Mesenchymal stem cells, which can transform into self-renewing and skeletal tissues, hold immense interest for tissue engineering and innovative medicinal exploration. This review summarizes all types of LESCs, identity and location of the human epithelial stem cells (HESCs), reconstruction of LSCN and artificial stem cells for self-renewal.
Highlights
Analyzing how dermal ESCs are controlled by their microenvironment provides some insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms for which niche elements control
It was discovered that utilizing electron beam lithography techniques to build clusters of RGD within 70 nm of one another, the small groups dispersed beyond obtaining distance, while tetramers of obtained integrins were needed for full cell spreading, such as functional adhesions [107]
The limbal stem cell niche, located at the anatomic boundary of the cornea and the conjunctiva [39,110,111], generates a microenvironment that aids in the growth and repair of their signals, resident cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), that identify a SCN [110,112]
Summary
The cornea is the outermost section of the eye surface that allows light to enter and reach the ocular epithelium and activate the neural impulses of the retina [1]. The corneal epithelium lines the stromal surface and defends it from chemical insults It is important for the preservation of the stroma’s transparency-enabling properties. The epithelium layer of the cornea acts as a protective and defensive shield, while contributing to corneal openness It is constantly switched over when the most superficial cells of the ocular epithelium fade away and are replaced by limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs). Limbal biopsy-derived stromal cells (LBSCs) are important cells within the human eye which can grow very fast. These are highly clonogenic and could generate spheres expressing stem cell genes including Oct, Nestin, NGFR, PAX6, ABCG2 and Sox. We discuss the importance of stem cell niches in the human eye
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